Effects of Surface Pinning, Locking and Adaption of Twins on the Performance of Magnetic Shape-Memory Alloys

Abstract:

We study the effect of surface modifications and constraints on the mechanical properties of Ni-Mn- Ga single crystals, which are imposed by (i) structural modifications near the surface, (ii) mounting to a solid surface, and (iii) guiding the stroke. Spark eroded samples were electropolished and characterized before and after each polishing treatment. Surface damage was then produced with spark erosion and abrasive wearing. Surface damage stabilizes and pins a dense twin-microstructure and prevents twins from coarsening. The density of twins increases with increasing degree of surface deformation. Twinning stress and hardening rate during mechanical loading increase with increasing surface damage and twin density. In contrast, when a damaged surface layer is removed, twinning stresses, hardening rate, and twin density decrease. Constraining the sample by mounting and guiding reduces the magnetic-field-induced strain by locking twins at the constrained surfaces. . For single-domain crystals and for hard magnetic shape-memory alloys, external constraints strongly reduce the magnetic-field-induced strain and the fatigue lifetime is short. In contrast, for selfaccommodated martensite and for soft magnetic shape-memory alloys, the twin-microstructure adapts well to external constraints and the fatigue lifetime is long. The performance of devices with MSMA transducers requires managing stress distributions through design and control of surface properties, microstructure, and constraints.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 684)
• Pages: 177-201
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.684.177
• Online since: May 2011
• Authors: Markus Chmielus, Peter Müllner
• Keywords: Constraint, FSMA, Heusler Alloy, Magnetic Shape Memory Alloy (MSMA), Magneto-Mechanical Properties, Ni-Mn-Ga, Single Crystal, Surface Treatment

References

[1] D. Brugger, M. Kohl, U. Hollenbach, A. Kapp and C. Stiller: Int. J. Appl Electromagn. Mech. 23 (2006) p.107.

[2] J. -Y. Gauthier, A. Hubert, J. Abadie, N. Chaillet and C. Lexcellent: Sensors Act. A 141 (2008) p.536.

[3] J. Feuchtwanger, E. Asua, A. Garcia-Arribas, V. Etxebarria and J.M. Barandiaran: Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol 95 (2009) 054102.

DOI: 10.1063/1.3194299

[4] B. Spasova, C. Ruffert, M.C. Wurz and H.H. Gatzen: Physica Status Solidi A 205 (2008) p.2307.

[5] I. Aaltio and K. Ullakko, in: Proceeding of the 7th Int. Conf. New Actuators, Bremen, Germany (ACTUATOR) 2000, edited by H. Borgmann (2000), p.527.

[6] I. Aaltio, J. Tellinen, K. Ullakko and S-P. Hannula in: Proceedings of the10th Int. Conf. New Actuators (ACTUATOR) 2006, Bremen, Germany, edited by H. Borgmann (2006), p.402.

[7] J. Kajaste, J, Kostamo, H. Kauranne, I. Suorsa and M. Pietola in: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Engineering Design, Prague, Czech Republic (2006), p.8.

[8] J. Kajaste, H. Kauranne, I. Suorsa and M. Pietola in: Proceedings of the 4th International Fluid Power Conference, March 25th and 26th 2004, Dresden, Germany Vol. 2 (2004), p.483.

[9] Y. Ganor, D. Shilo, N. Zarrouati and R.D. James: Sensors Act. A 150 (2009) p.277.

[10] I. Suorsa, J. Tellinen, K. Ullakko and E. Pagounis: J. Appl. Phys. 95 (2004) p.8054.

[11] D. Carpenter, M. Chmielus, A. Rothenbühler, R. Schneider and P. Müllner, in: TMS Special Topic Proceedings of International Conference on Martensitic Transformations ICOMAT 2008, Santa Fe, NM, June 6 – July 5, edited by G.B. Olson, D.S. Lieberman, A.B. Saxena, TMS, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (2009).

DOI: 10.1002/9781118803592.ch53

[12] I. Karaman, B. Basaran, H.E. Karaca, A.I. Karsilayan and Y.I. Chumlyakov: Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol 90 (2007), p.172505.

DOI: 10.1063/1.2721143

[13] E. Pagounis, E. Quandt, in Proceedings of the ACTUATOR 2006, 10th Int. Conf. New Actuators, Bremen, Germany, edited by H. Borgmann (2006), p.394.

[14] M. Kohl, S. R. Yeduru, F. Khelfaoui, B. Krevet, A. Backen, S. Fähler, T. Eichhorn, G. Jakob and A. Mecklenburg: Mat. Sci. Forum Vol. 635 (2010), p.145.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.635.145

[15] F. Khelfaoui, S. Yeduru, M. Kohl, A. Mecklenburg and R. Schneider in: Proceedings of the ESOMAT 2009 (2009), p.07013.

[16] F. Khelfaoui, M. Kohl, J. Buschbeck, O. Heczko, S. Fähler and L. Schultz: Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics Vol. 158 (2008), p.167.

DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2008-00671-5

[17] M. Kohl, B. Krevet, M. Ohtsuka, D. Brugger and Y. Liu: Mater. Trans. Vol. 47, No. 3 (2006) p.639.

[18] O. Heczko, L. Straka, O. Söderberg and S. -P. Hannula in: Smart Structure and Materials 2005, Active Materials, Behavior and Mechanics, edited by W.D. Armstrong, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5761, p.513.

DOI: 10.1117/12.599814

[19] P. Müllner, D. Mukherji, M. Aguirre, R. Erni and G. Kostorz, in: Solid-to-Solid Phase Transformation In Inorganic Materials 2005, vol. 2 edited by J.M. Howe, D.E. Laughlin, J.K. Lee, U. Dahmen, W.A. Soffa TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), p.171 (2005).

[20] P. Müllner, V.A. Chernenko and G. Kostorz:. Mater. Sci. Eng., A Vol. 387-389 (2004), p.965.

[21] P. Müllner, V.A. Chernenko, D. Mukherji and G. Kostorz, in: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (Warrendale, USA, Materials Research Society) Vol. 785 (2004), p. D12. 2. 1.

[22] J.M. Guldbakke, M. Chmielus, K. Rolfs, R. Schneider, P. Müllner and A. Raatz: Scr. Mater. Vol. 62 (2010), p.875.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.02.032

[23] M. Chmielus, V.A. Chernenko, W.B. Knowlton, G. Kostorz and P. Müllner: Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics Vol. 158 (2008), p.79.

DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2008-00657-3

[24] M. Chmielus, V.A. Chernenko, A. Hilger, G. Kostorz, P. Müllner and R. Schneider, in: TMS Special Topic Proceedings of International Conference on Martensitic Transformations ICOMAT 2008, Santa Fe, NM, June 6 – July 5, edited by G.B. Olson, D.S. Lieberman, A.B. Saxena, TMS, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, (2009).

DOI: 10.1002/9781118803592.ch105

[25] J. Tellinen, I. Suorsa, A. Jääskeläinen, I. Aaltio and K. Ullakko in: 8th International conference ACTUATOR 2002, Bremen, Germany, 10-12 June 2002, p.566.

[26] I. Aaltio, Y. Ge, X.W. Liu, O. Söderberg and S. -P. Hannula, in: TMS Special Topic Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations ICOMAT 2008, Santa Fe, NM, June 6 – July 5, edited by G.B. Olson, D.S. Liebermann, A. Saxena, TMS, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (2009).

[27] I. Aaltio, A. Soroka, Y. Ge, O. Söderberg and S. -P. Hannula: Smart Mater. Struct. Vol. 19 (2010), p.075014.

DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/19/7/075014

[28] I. Aaltio, O. Söderberg, Y. Ge, S. -P. Hannula: Long-term cyclic loading of 10M Ni-Mn-Ga alloys, this volume (2011).

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.684.203

[29] N. Sarawate and M. Dapino: IEEE Transact. Magn. Vol. 44 (2008) p.566.

[30] C.P. Henry, P.G. Tello, D. Bono, J. Hong, R. Wager, J. Dai, S.M. Allen and R.C. O'Handley, Proc. SPIE 5053 (2003) p.207.

[31] F. Xiong, Y. Liu, E. Pagounis, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 285 (2005) p.410.

[32] F. Xiong, Y. Liu, E. Pagounis, J. Alloys Compd. 415 (2006) p.188.

[33] F. Xiong, Y. Liu, Acta Mat. 55 (2007) p.5621.

[34] Z. Wang. M. Matsumoto, T. Abe, K. Oikawa, J. Qiu, T. Takagi and J. Tani: Mater. Sci. Forum Vols. 327-328 (2000), p.489.

[35] T. Kira, K. Murata, T. Shimada, S. -J. Jeong, S. Inoue, K. Koterazawa and K. Inoue: Mater. Sci. Forum Vols 426-432 (2003), p.2207.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.426-432.2207

[36] H.B. Wang, F. Chen, Z.Y. Gao, W. Cai and L.C. Zhao: Mater. Sci. Eng., A Vol. 438-440 (2006), p.990.

[37] Y. Ma, L. Xu, Y. Li, C. Jiang, H. Xu and Y. -K. Lee: Z. Metallkd. Vol. 96 (2005), p.8.

[38] U. Gaitzsch, S. Roth, B. Rellinghaus, and L. Schultz, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. Vol. 305 (2006, p.275.

[39] M. Pötschke, U. Gaitzsch, S. Roth, B. Rellinghaus and L. Schultz: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. Vol. 316 (2007), p.383.

[40] U. Gaitzsch, M. Pötschke, S. Roth, B. Rellinghaus and L. Schultz: Scr. Mater. Vol. 57 (2007), p.493.

[41] M. Pötschke, S. Weiss, U. Gaitzsch, D. Cong, C. Hürrich, S. Roth and L. Schultz: Scr. Mater. Vol. 63 (2010), p.383.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.04.027

[42] U. Gaitzsch, M. Pötschke, S. Roth, B. Rellinghaus and L. Schultz: Acta Mater. Vol. 57 (2009), p.365.

[43] Y. Boonyongmaneerat, M. Chmielus, D.C. Dunand and P. Müllner: Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 99 (2007), p.247201.

[44] M. Chmielus, X.X. Zhang, C. Witherspoon, D.C. Dunand and P. Müllner: Nat. Mater., Vol. 8, (2009), p.863.

[45] M. Chmielus, C. Witherspoon, R.C. Wimpory, A. Paulke, A. Hilger, X. Zhang, D.C. Dunand and P. Müllner: J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 108 (2010), p.123526.

DOI: 10.1063/1.3524503

[46] X. X. Zhang, C. Witherspoon, P. Müllner and D.C. Dunand: Acta Mater., Vol. 59 (2011), p.2229.

[47] D.C. Dunand and P. Müllner: Adv. Mater. Vol. 23 (2011), p.216.

[48] N. Lanska, O. Söderberg, A. Sozinov, K. Ullakko and V.K. Lindroos: J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 95 (2004), p.8074.

[49] X. Jin, M. Marioni, D. Bono, S.M. Allen, R.C. O'Handley and T.Y. Hsu: J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 91 (2002), p.8222.

[50] R.C. O'Handley: J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 83 (1998), p.3263.

[51] S.J. Murray, M. Farinelli, C. Kantner, J.K. Huang, S.M. Allen and R.C. O'Handley: J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 83 (1998), p.7300.

[52] V.A. Chernenko, E. Cesari, V.V. Kokorin and I.N. Vitenko: Scr. Metall. Mater. Vol. 33 (1995), p.1239.

[53] A.N. Vasil'ev, A.D. Bozhko, V.V. Khovailo, I.E. Dikshtein, V.G. Shavrov, V.D. Buchelnikov, M. Matsumoto, S. Suzuki, T. Takagi and J. Tani: Phys. Rev. B Vol. 59 (1999), p.1113.

[54] K. Ullakko, Y. Ezer, A. Sozinov, G. Kimmel, P. Yakovenko, V.K. Lindroos: Scr. Mater. Vol. 44 (2001), p.475.

DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6462(00)00610-2

[55] A.G. Popov, E.V. Belozerov, V.V. Sagaradze, N.L. Pecherkina, I.G. Kabanova, V.S. Gaviko and V.I. Khrabrov: Phys. Met. Metall. Vol. 102 (2006), p.140.

DOI: 10.1134/s0031918x06080047

[56] J. Pons, C. Segui, V.A. Chernenko, E. Cesari, P. Ochin and R. Portier: Mater. Sci. Eng., A Vol. 273-275 (1999), p.315.

[57] V.A. Chernenko, E. Cesari, J. Pons and C. Segui: J Mater. Res. Vol. 15 (2000), p.1496.

[58] H.D. Chopra, C. Ji and V.V. Kokorin: Phys. Rev. B Vol. 61 (2000), p.913.

[59] Y. Ge, O. Heczko, O. Söderberg and S. Hannula: Scr. Mater. Vol. 54 (2006), p.2155.

[60] Y. Zhou, X. Jin, H. Xu, Y.V. Kudryavtsev, Y.P. Lee and J.Y. Rhee: J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 91 (2002), p.9894.

[61] O. Söderberg, Y. Ge, A. Sozinov, S. Hannula and V.K. Lindroos: Smart Mater. Struct. Vol. 14 (2005), p. S223.

DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/14/5/009

[62] Y.V. Kudryavtsev, Y.P. Lee and J.Y. Rhee: Phys. Rev. B Vol. 66 (2002), p.115114.

[63] A. Jääskeläinen, K. Ullakko and V.K. Lindroos: J. Phys. IV France Vol. 112 (2003), p.1005.

[64] B.D. Cullity: Introduction to Magnetic Materials (Addison-Wesley, USA 1972).

[65] S.J. Murray, M. Marioni, S.M. Allen, R.C. O'Handley and T.A. Lograsso: Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 77 (2000), p.886.

[66] A. Sozinov, N. Lanska, K. Ullakko and K. Lindroos: J. Phys. IV France Vol. 112 (2003), p.955.

DOI: 10.1051/jp4:20031039

[67] M. Pasquale, C.P. Sasso, S. Besseghini, E. Villa and V.A. Chernenko: J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 91 (2002), p.7815.

[68] A. Sozinov, A.A. Likhachev and K. Ullakko: IEEE Trans. Magn. (2002), p.2814.

[69] P. Müllner, V.A. Chernenko and G. Kostorz: J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 95 (2004), p.1531.

[70] L. Straka, O. Heczko and H. Hanninen: Acta Mater. Vol. 56 (2008), p.5492.

[71] C.P. Henry, D. Bono, J. Feuchtwanger, S.M. Allen and R.C. O'Handley: J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 91 (2002) 7810.

[72] M. Chmielus, K. Rolfs, R. Wimpory, W. Reimers, P. Müllner and R. Schneider: Acta Mater. Vol. 58 (2010), p.3952.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.03.031

[73] J.W. Christian and S. Mahajan: Prog. Mater. Sci. Vol. 39 (1995), p.1.

[74] M. Chmielus, C. Witherspoon, K. Ullakko, P. Müllner and R. Schneider: Acta Mater. (2011), doi: 10. 1016/j. actamat. 2011. 01. 035.

[75] M. Chmielus: Composition, Structure and Magneto-Mechanical Properties of Ni-Mn-Ga Magnetic Shape-Memory Alloys (Logos Verlag Berlin, Germany 2010).

[76] M. Chmielus, I. Glavatskyy, J. -U. Hoffmann, V.A. Chernenko, R. Schneider and P. Müllner: Scripta Mater. (2011), doi: 10. 1016/j. scriptamat. 2011. 01. 025.

[77] I. Aaltio, O. Söderberg, Y. Ge, S. -P. Hannula: Scripta Mater. Vol. 62 (2010), p.9.

[78] P. Müllner and G. Kostorz: Mater. Sci. Forum Vol. 583 (2008), p.43.

[79] R.C. Pond and S. Celotto: Int. Mater. Rev. Vol. 48 (2003), p.225.

[80] P. Müllner: Z. Metallkd. Vol. 97 (2006), p.205.

[81] P. Müllner, C. Solenthaler, P.J. Uggowitzer and M.O. Speidel: Acta Metall. Mater. Vol. 42 (1994), 2211.

[82] P. Müllner: Mater. Sci. Eng., A Vol. 94 (1997), p.234.