Drilling Delamination Outcomes on Glass and Sisal Reinforced Plastics

Abstract:

Nowadays, fibre reinforced plastics are used in a wide variety of applications. Apart from the most known reinforcement fibres, like glass or carbon, natural fibres can be seen as an economical alternative. However, some mistrust is yet limiting the use of such materials, being one of the main reasons the inconsistency normally found in their mechanical properties. It should be noticed that these materials are more used for their low density than for their high stiffness. In this work, two different types of reinforced plates were compared: glass reinforced epoxy plate and sisal reinforced epoxy plate. For material characterization purposes, tensile and flexural tests were carried out. Main properties of both materials, like elastic modulus, tensile strength or flexural modulus, are presented and compared with reference values. Afterwards, plates were drilled under two different feed rates: low and high, with two diverse tools: twist and brad type drill, while cutting speed was kept constant. Thrust forces during drilling were monitored. Then, delamination area around the hole was assessed by using digital images that were processed using a computational platform previously developed. Finally, drilled plates were mechanically tested for bearing and open-hole resistance. Results were compared and correlated with the measured delamination. Conclusions contribute to the understanding of natural fibres reinforced plastics as a substitute to glass fibres reinforced plastics, helping on cost reductions without compromising reliability, as well as the consequence of delamination on mechanical resistance of this type of composites.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volumes 730-732)
• Pages: 301-306
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.730-732.301
• Online since: November 2012
• Authors: Luís Miguel P. Durão, Daniel J.S. Gonçalves, João Manuel R. S. Tavares, Victor Hugo C. de Albuquerque, Túlio Hallak Panzera, Leandro J. Silva, A. Aguiar Vieira, A.P.M. Baptista
• Keywords: Delamination, Drilling, Glass Fiber, Image Analysis, Sisal Fiber

References

[1] R. V. Silva, Compósito de resina poliuretana derivada de óleo de mamona e fibras vegetais, 139p., PhD thesis - Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Univ. São Paulo, São Carlos (2003) (in Portuguese)

DOI: 10.11606/t.88.2003.tde-29082003-105440

[2] Y. Cao; J. Cameron, Impact properties of silica particle modified glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite, J Reinforced Plastics and Composites 25, 7 (2006)

DOI: 10.1177/0731684406063536

[3] I. Isik; U. Yilmazer; G. Bayram, Impact modified epoxy/montmorillonite nanocomposites: synthesis and characterization, Polymer 44, 6371-6377 (2003)

DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00634-7

[4] A. Haque; M. Shamsuzzoha; F. Hussain; D. Dean, S2-Glass/Epoxy Polymer Nanocomposites: Manufact., Structures, Thermal and Mech. Properties, J Composite Materials 37, 20 (2003)

DOI: 10.1177/002199803035186

[5] P. Rosso; L. Ye; K. Friedrich; S. A. Sprenger, Toughened Epoxy Resin by Silica Nanoparticle Reinforcement, J Applied Polymer Science 100, 1849-1855 (2006)

DOI: 10.1002/app.22805

[6] A. Ávila; M. I. Soares; A. S. Neto, "A study on nanostructured laminated plates behavior under low-velocity impact loadings" International J. of Impact Engineering 34, 28-41 (2007)

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.06.009

[7] A. K. Subramaniyan; C.T. Sun, "Enhancing compressive strength of unidirectional polymeric composites using nanoclay", Composites: Part A 37, 2257-2268 (2006)

DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.12.027

[8] Jia-Lin Tsai and Yi-Lieh Cheng, Investigating silica nanoparticle effect on dynamic and quasi-static compress. strengths of glass fiber/ep. nanocomp., J Comp. Materials, 43, 25 (2009)

DOI: 10.1177/0021998309345317

[9] C.W. Wern; M. Ramulu; A. Schukla, Investigation of Stresses in the Orthogonal Cutting of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics, Experimental Mechanics 33-41 (1994)

DOI: 10.1007/bf02328695

[10] E. Persson; I. Eriksson; L. Zackrisson, L., Effects of Hole Machining Defects on Strength and Fatigue Life of Composite Laminates, Composites A 28, 141-151 (1997)

DOI: 10.1016/s1359-835x(96)00106-6

[11] H. Hocheng; C.K.H. Dharan, Delamination during Drilling in Composite Laminates, J Engineering for Industry 112, 236-239 (1990)

DOI: 10.1115/1.2899580

[12] H. Hocheng; C.C. Tsao, The path towards delamination-free drilling of composite materials, J. of Materials Processing Technology 167, 251-264 (2005)

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.06.039

[13] J.P. Davim; P. Reis, "Drilling Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics Manufactured By Autoclave – Experimental and Statistical Study", Materials & Design 24, 315-324 (2003)

DOI: 10.1016/s0261-3069(03)00062-1

[14] L.M.P. Durão; A.G. Magalhães; A.T. Marques; J.M.R.S. Tavares, "Influência dos parâmetros de maquinagem no dano de placas compósitas", Mecânica Experimental 16, 45-54, (2008) (in Portuguese)

[15] R. Piquet; B. Ferret, F. Lachaud, P. Swider, "Experimental analysis of drilling damage in thin carbon/epoxy plate using special drills", Composites A 31, 1107-1115 (2000)

DOI: 10.1016/s1359-835x(00)00069-5

[16] R. Stone; K.A. Krishnamurthy, Neural network thrust force controller to minimize delamin. during drilling of graphite-epoxy comp., Int J Machine Tools & Manuf 36 , 985-1003 (1996)

DOI: 10.1016/0890-6955(96)00013-2

[17] ASTM D 5766M-07, 2007, Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite laminates, USA, ASTM International

DOI: 10.1520/d5766_d5766m-11r18

[18] ASTM D 5961M-08, 2008, Standard Test method for Bearing Response of Polymer Matrix Composite laminates, USA, ASTM International

[19] V.H.C. de Albuquerque; J.M.R.S. Tavares; L.M.P. Durão, "Evaluation of Delamination Damage on Composite Plates using an Artificial Neural Network for the Radiographic Image Analysis", Journal of Composite Materials 44, 1139-1159 (2010)

DOI: 10.1177/0021998309351244

[20] W. C. Chen, "Some experimental investigations in the drilling of carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite laminates", Int. J Machine Tools & Manuf 37, 1097-1108 (1997).

DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6955(96)00095-8