Effects of Synthesis Temperature and Holding Time on the Electrochemical Properties of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ Cathode Material Using Rheological Phase Method

Abstract:

In this paper, LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ was prepared via a facile rheological phase reaction method. The effect of synthesis temperature and holding time on its electrochemical performance has been investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. The results suggest that the synthesis temperature and holding time greatly affect the electrochemical performance of the LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ and the optimized synthesis condition for the synthesis of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ via rheological phase reaction method is 900 °C for 8 h. The obtained sample possesses a highly ordered layered structure and low cation mixing. It delivers an initial discharge capacity of 198 mAh g^-1 at 0.2 C and 140 mAh g^-1 at 1.0 C between 2.5 and 4.6 V, respectively.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 814)
• Pages: 351-357
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.814.351
• Online since: March 2015
• Authors: Hui Peng, Ze Hua Zhu*, Peng Xiao Huang, Xing Li
• Keywords: Calcination Temperature, Calcination Time, Cathode Material, LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂, Rheological Phase Reaction Method

References

[1] M. Armand, J.M. Tarascon, Building better batteries, Nature 451 (2008) 652-657.

DOI: 10.1038/451652a

[2] T.H. Kim, J.S. Park, S.K. Chang, S. Choi, J.H. Ryu, H.K. Song, The current move of lithium ion batteries towards the next phase, Adv. Energy Mater. 2 (2012) 860-872.

DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201200028

[3] J.B. Goodenough, Y. Kim, Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries, Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 587-603.

[4] M.J. Armstrong, C. O'Dwyer, W.J. Macklin, J.D. Holmes, Evaluating the performace of nanostructured materials as lithium-ion battery electrodes, Nano Research 7 (2014) 1-62.

DOI: 10.1007/s12274-013-0375-x

[5] T. Ohzuku, Y. Makimura, Layered Lithium Insertion Material of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 for Lithium-Ion Batteries, Chem. Lett. 30 (2001) 642-643.

DOI: 10.1149/ma2005-02/4/107

[6] W.H. Ryu, S.J. Lim, W.K. Kim, H. Kwon, 3-D dumbbell-like LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials assembled with nano-building blocks for lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Sources 257 (2014) 186-191.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.003

[7] W. Xiong, Y. Jiang, Z. Yang, D. Li, Y. Huang, High-performance hierarchical LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 microspheres synthesized via a facile template-sacrificial route, J. Alloys Comp. 589 (2014) 615-621.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.12.047

[8] X.F. Bie, F. Du, Y.H. Wang, K. Zhu, H. Ehrenberg, K. Nikolowski, C.Z. Wang, G. Chen, Y. J Wei, Relationships between the crystal/interfacial properties and electrochemical performance of LiNi0. 33Co0. 33Mn0. 33O2 in the voltage window of 2. 5–4. 6 V, Electrochim. Acta 97 (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.131

[9] C.H. Lu, B.J. Shen, Electrochemical characteristics of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 powders prepared from microwave-hydrothermally derived precursors, J. Alloys Comp. 497 (2010) 159-165.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.02.127

[10] X.Y. Zhang, W.J. Jiang, X.P. Zhu, A. Maugera, Qilu, C.M. Juliend, Aging of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material upon exposure to H2O, J. Power Sources 196 (2011) 5102-5105.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.02.009

[11] Y.Y. Zhang, X.Y. Wu, Y. Lin, D. Wang, C.M. Zhang, D.N. He, Synthesis of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material by a modified sol–gel method for lithium-ion battery, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 68 (2013) 169-174.

DOI: 10.1007/s10971-013-3148-9

[12] J.L. Xie, X. Huang, Z.B. Zhu, J.H. Dai, Hydrothermal synthesis of Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 for lithium rechargeable batteries Ceram. Int. 36 (2010) 2485-2487.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2010.07.008

[13] H.L. Zhu, J. Li, Z.Y. Chen, Q.F. Li, T. Xie, L.J. Li, Y.Q. Lai, Molten salt synthesis and electrochemical properties of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials, Synth. Met. 187 (2014) 123-129.

DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2013.10.032

[14] H.B. Ren, Y.R. Wang, D.C. Li, L.H. Ren, Z.H. Peng, Y.H. Zhou, Synthesis of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 as a cathode material for lithium battery by the rheological phase method, J. Power Sources 178 (2008) 439-444.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.004

[15] J. Xiao, H. Zhan, Y.H. Zhou, Synthesis of layered-structure LiMn1−xCrxO2 for lithium-ion batteries by the rheological phase method, Mater. Lett. 58 (2004) 1620-1624.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2003.09.050

[16] L. Tan, Z.M. Luo, H.W. Liu, Y. Yu, Synthesis of novel high-voltage cathode material LiCoPO4 via rheological phase method, J. Alloys Compd. 502 (2010) 407-410.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.04.182

[17] L. Tan, H.W. Liu, High rate charge–discharge properties of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 synthesized via a low temperature solid-state method, Solid State Ionics 181 (2010) 1530-1533.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ssi.2010.08.016

[18] Y. Koyamaa, I. Tanakaa, H. Adachia, Y. Makimurab, T. Ohzukub, Crystal and electronic structure of superstructural Li1-xNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (0≤x≤1), J. Power Sources 119–121 (2003) 644-648.

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7753(03)00194-0

[19] J.M. Kim, H.T. Chung, The first cycle characteristics of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 charged up to 4. 7 V, Electrochim. Acta 49 (2004) 937-944.

DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2003.10.005

[20] E. Shinova, R. Stoyanova, E. Zhecheva, G.F. Ortiz, P. Lavela, J.L. Tirado, Cationic distribution and electrochemical performance of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 electrodes for lithium-ion batteries, Solid State Ionics 179 (2008) 2198-2208.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ssi.2008.07.026