One Photon 3D Polymerization via Direct Laser Writing

Abstract:

A way to produce 3D scaffold is via laser stereolithography. We propose a method of direct laser writing for micro-stereolithography in which we use as light source a low power blue diode laser with a wavelength of 448nm. The material chosen for scaffold fabrication is a polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) solution at concentration of 75% in ethanol. We chose a short PEGDA molecule with a molecular weight of 575 g/mol, in order to obtain a better control over the polymerization. We used Irgacure 819 as photoinitiator to initiate the photopolymerization. The absorption of the Irgacure 819 almost drops to zero at the excitation wavelength, so the efficiency of the photopolymerization is strongly reduced. Since the intensity of the light reduces by a factor 5 within a penetration depth, equal to the depth of focus of the optical system, we achieve a fine control of the vertical and lateral photopolymerization of the solution. The threshold for effective polymerization is not reached outside that region.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 941)
• Pages: 2142-2147
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.2142
• Online since: December 2018
• Authors: Federico Mochi*, Fabio de Matteis, Paolo Prosposito, Luca Burratti, Roberto Francini, Mauro Casalboni
• Keywords: 3D Printing, Direct Laser Writing, Tissue Engineering

References

[1] R. Langer and J.P. Vacanti, Tissue engineering: the challenges ahead. Sci Am 280(4) (1999) 8689.

[2] C.A.V. Blitterswijk, L. Moroni, J. Rouwkema, R. Siddappa, and J. Sohier, Tissue EngineeringAn Introduction. Tissue Engineering. Burlington: Academic Press, 2008, p. xii.

DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-370869-4.00024-0

[3] L.G. Griffit, G. Naughto, Tissue engineering - current challenges and expanding opportunities, Science 295(5557) (2002) 1009-14.

[4] M. Nikkhah, N. Eshak, Directed endothelial cell morphogenesis in micropatterned gelatin methacrylate hydrogels, Biomaterials 33 (2012) 9009-9018.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.068

[5] J.P. Temple, D.L. Hutton, B.P. Hung, P.Y. Huri, C.A. Cook, R. Kondragunta, X. Jia and W.L. Grayson, Engineering anatomically shaped vascularized bone grafts with hASCs and 3D-printed PCL scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res Res A 102 (2014) 4317.

DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35107

[6] J. Leor, Y. Amsalem, Cells, scaffolds, and molecules for myocardial tissue engineering, Pharmacol. amp; Therap.105(2) (2005) 151-163.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.10.003

[7] N.A. Sears, D.R. Seshadri, P.S. Dhavalikar, and E. Cosgriff-Hernandez, Review of ThreeDimensional Printing in Tissue Engineering Tissue Eng.: Part B 22(4) (2016) 298.

DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0464

[8] S.Q. Liu, R. Tay, Synthetic hydrogels for controlled stem cell differentiation, Soft Matter 6(1) (2010) 67-81.

[9] P. Prosposito, S. Melino, M. Ciocci, R. Francini, F. Mochi, F. De Matteis, P. Di Nardo,S. Ksenzov, S. Schrader, M. Casalboni, Photolithography of 3D scaffolds for Artificial Tissue Materials Science Forum 879 (2017) 1519-1523.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1519

[10] S.N. Bhatia and C.S. Chen, Tissue engineering at the micro-scale. Biomed Microdevices 2 (1999) 131-144.

[11] F. De Matteis, F. Fanicchia, F.R. Lamastra, G. Stracci, R. De Angelis, P. Prosposito, F. Nanni, M. Casalboni, Nonlinear optical materials by electrospinning technique J.Appl.Pol. Scie., 131.20 (2014) 40913.

DOI: 10.1002/app.40913

[12] YE Choonara, LC du Toit, P Kumar, PP Kondiah, V Pillay, 3D-printing and the effect on medical costs: a new era? Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 16(1) (2016) 23-32.

DOI: 10.1586/14737167.2016.1138860

[13] M. Ciocci, F. Mochi, F. Carotenuto, E. Di Giovanni, P. Prosposito, R. Francini, F. De Matteis, I. Reshetov, M. Casalboni, S. Melino, P. Di Nardo, Scaffold-in-Scaffold Potential to Induce Growth and Differentiation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells, Stem Cell Dev. 26(19) (2017) 1438-1447.

DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0051

[14] A. Selimis, V. Mironov, M. Farsari, Direct laser writing: Principles and materials for scaffold 3D printing Microel. Eng. 132 (2015) 83-89.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mee.2014.10.001

[15] A. Ovsianikov, V. Mironov, J. Stampfl, R. Liska, Engineering 3D cell-culture matrices: multiphoton processing technologies for biological and tissue engineering applications Expert Rev. Med. Dev. 9(6) (2012) 613-633.

DOI: 10.1586/erd.12.48

[16] A.E. Siegman, Lasers University Science Books (1986) ISBN-10: 0935702113.

[17] F. Mochi, P. Prosposito, R. Francini, F. De Matteis, S. Melino, M. Ciocci, P. Di Nardo, S. Ksenzov, S. Schrader, M. Casalboni, Advanced biocompatible photolithographic scaffolds for tissue engineering IET Conference Proceedings, (2016) 1-4.

DOI: 10.1049/cp.2016.0944

[18] M.H. Teiten, S. Eifes, Curcumin - the paradigm of a multi-target natural compound with applications in cancer prevention and treatment, Toxins 2.1 (2010) 128-162.

DOI: 10.3390/toxins2010128