Paper Titles
Modeling Transient Temperature-Driven Microstructure Evolution in Inconel 718 during Hot Forming
p.85
Quantifying Grain Boundary and Orientation Effects on Copper under Compression: A Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Approach
p.97
Experimental Study on the Relationship between Cooling Rate, Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing and Tensile Properties in Aluminum Casting
p.111
Predictive Modeling of 42CrMo4 Hardness after Two-Step Heat Treatment Using Symbolic Regression
p.121
How to take the Lüders Plateau into Account in the Formability Prediction of Steel Sheets
p.137
Microscale to Macroscale Analyses of Superplasticity of Ti-6242S Titanium Alloy
p.145
Study on the Effects of Grain Shape, Size and Size Distribution on the Mechanical Behavior of Metals
p.163
Investigation of Friction Coefficient at Stack Compression Tests
p.173
Mechanical Performance of a Steel-Polymer Biphasic Lattice Structure
p.181

How to take the Lüders Plateau into Account in the Formability Prediction of Steel Sheets

Article Preview
View Pdf By email

Abstract:

Some steels exhibit the Lüders effect. This phenomenon depends on the material and structure (test piece geometry, loading speed, etc.). Most work hardening laws do not take this phenomenon into account. The objective of this work is to define the most appropriate hardening law to highlight the characteristics of Lüders effects. First, the various aspects of the Lüders effect are presented. Several local hardening laws are proposed to describe the plateau or not, some of which are taken from the bibliography. Simulations of uniaxial tensile testing and forming of stamped parts are performed to compare these different hardening laws in predicting the Lüders effect. The Exp_Swift hardening law is recommended for forming cards because it is fully compatible with all software dedicated to steel sheet formability analysis and does not require inverse calibration during identification to accurately predict the plateau length.

You have full access to the following eBook
Material Behaviour Modelling Read eBook

Info:

Periodical:

Solid State Phenomena (Volume 390)

Pages:

137-143

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-6Mmgit

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

April 2026

Authors:

Xavier Lemoine*

Keywords:

Formability, Hardening Law, Lüders, Steel

Export:

RIS, BibTeX

Permissions:

Creative Commons CC BY 4.0

Share:

Citation:

* - Corresponding Author

References

[1] K.H. Subramanian, A.J Duncan. Tensile Properties for Application to Type I and Type II Waste Tank Flaw Stability Analysis(U), WSRC-TR-2000-00232, Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken: SC, 2000.

DOI: 10.2172/764654

Google Scholar

[2] A.H. Cottrell, B.A. Bilby. Dislocation Theory of Yielding and Strain Ageing of Iron. Proc. Phys. Soc. A 62 (1949), 49-62.

DOI: 10.1088/0370-1298/62/1/308

Google Scholar

[3] W. Lüders, Über die Äusserung der Elasticität an stahlartigen Eisenstäben und Stahlstäben, und über eine beim Biegen solcher Stäbe beobachtete Molecularbewegung. Dinglers Polytech, jahrgang 5,‎ (1860), 18–22.

Google Scholar

[4] H. Louche, A. Chrysochoos. Thermal and dissipative effects accompanying Lüders band propagation. Materials Science and Engineering A307 (2001) 15–22.

DOI: 10.1016/s0921-5093(00)01975-4

Google Scholar

[5] J. Winlock. The influence of the rate of deformation on the tensile properties of some plain carbon sheet steels. J. Metals, 5 (1953) 797–803.

DOI: 10.1007/bf03397545

Google Scholar

[6] X. Jiang, H. Wu, W. Sun, R. Li, M. Chen. Specimen size effect on the lüders deformation in mild steel sheet. Materials Today Communications 44 (2025) 112026.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.112026

Google Scholar

[7] H. Fujita, S. Miyazaki. Lüders deformation in polycrystalline iron. Acta Metall., 26 (1978) 1273–1281.

DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(78)90012-3

Google Scholar

[8] V. Ballarin, M. Soler, A. Perlade, X. Lemoine, S. Forest Mechanisms and Modeling of Bake-Hardening Steels: Part I. Uniaxial Tension. Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 40A (2009), 1367-1374.

DOI: 10.1007/s11661-009-9813-5

Google Scholar

[9] X. Wang, M. Huang. Temperature dependence of Lüders strain and its correlation with martensitic transformation in a medium Mn transformation induced plasticity steel. Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International 24 (2017) 1073-1077.

DOI: 10.1016/s1006-706x(17)30156-5

Google Scholar

[10] M. Mazière, C. Luis, A. Marais, S. Forest, M. Gaspérini. Experimental and numerical analysis of the Lüders phenomenon in simple shear. Int. J. solids and Strec. 106_107 (2017), 305-314.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2016.07.026

Google Scholar

[11] J. Zhang, Y. Jiang. Lüders bands propagation of 1045 steel under multiaxial stress state. Int. J. Plasticity 21 (2005) 651–670.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2004.05.001

Google Scholar

[12] X. Lemoine, R. Munier, X. Bellut. A robust identification protocol of flow curve adjusting parameters using uniaxial tensile curve. Material Forming - ESAFORM 2024, Materials Research Proceedings 41 (2024) 2210-2219.

DOI: 10.21741/9781644903131-243

Google Scholar

[13] H. Tsukahara, T. Iung. Finite element simulation of the Piobert–Lüders behavior in an uniaxial tensile test. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 248 (1998) 304-308.

DOI: 10.1016/s0921-5093(97)00857-5

Google Scholar