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The research has demonstrated that a surfaced metal can be divided into the three strata with essentially different structure.
On the fusion line the dendric structure of a surfaced metal develops gradually into the polyhedral grain structure of the heat affected zone.
A, B, C show typical structures of surfaced metal strata mentioned above.
In sample № 3 (Fig. 4 c) the polyhedral grain structure is also to be well-defined.
Cvetkov Modifying structures of a surfaced metal by nano-dispersed carbides of Wolfram. // Physics and chemistry of materials processing, 6, (2009), 41 – 47

So far, in the literature there are lot of papers about converting calcite and aragonite structures to hydroxyapatite (HA), like corals, sea shells, sea urchin and other sea creatures.
The aim of this study was to produce various natural bioceramic phases with nano-structures (or close to them) from local land snail shells with hotplate and ultrasonic methods.
Hydrothermal transformation of calcitic structures, such as corals, is also very attractive and easily applicable.
Vecchio, Conversation of sea-shells and other calcite-based and agonite-based materials with dense structures into synthetic structures and devices, US patent 2007/0275088 A1, Nov 29, 2007
Del Olma Basterrechea et al., Three-dimensional matrices of structured porous monetite for tissue engineering and bone regeneration, and method for the preparation thereof, United States Patent Application 20110158963, Application Number: 13/002939, Publication Date: 06/30/2011

X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed cubic zinc blende structure of ZnS:Cu nanocrystals of size below 20 nm.
The XRD patterns give information about the crystal structure.
In all cases XRD reveals that ZnS:Cu nanocrystals have zinc–bland crystal structure.
El-Sayed, Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes, Chem.
Edwards, Size-dependent chemistry: properties of nanocrystals, Chem.

Effects of surfactant concentration on the microstructures of TiO2 hollow spheres by hydrothermal method Lian-Ying Lua, Lin Xub, Ting-Ting Yinc, Guo-Hong Wang*d College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China allyhbhx@sina.com, b xulin0330@126.com, c 7356583@qq.com, dwanggh2003@163.com Keywords: CTAB, Glucose, TiO2, Hollow spheres Abstract.
This synthesis route may also extend to the preparation of hollow structures of other metal oxides.
Some cavities were occasionally found in some broken microspheres, indicating the structure of hollow spheres.
Ti(Ⅳ) on the surface of carbonaceous polysaccharide microspheres reacted with -OH to yield an incompact titanium dioxide shell whiles the structure like Ti-O-C.
This synthesis route may also extend to the preparation of hollow structures of other metal oxides.

The novel structure was confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the superior magnetic property was maintained and helped the material to separation and recycling.
On the other hand, hyperbranched polyamidoamine have many functional groups and large openings in the molecular structure and can be applied to supramolecular chemistry fields, such as adsorption and catalysis.
FT-IR is considered as the effective characterization methods to characterize the chemical structures of hybrid materials.
The morphology structures of Fe3O4@SiO2-h-PAMAM-CD nanoparticles are characterized as the core-shell structure by TEM, which is shown in Fig 3.
(a) (b) Fig.5 (a) Uv-vis spectra of phenol (25mg/L) by addition of 5mg Fe3O4@SiO2-h-PAMAM-CD and (b) phenol adsorption by Fe3O4@SiO2-h-PAMAM-CD as a functional of time Summary A novel β-CD modified Fe3O4 MNPs with core-shell structure was prepared for the adsorptive removal of phenol from aqueous solutions due to host-guest interactions between β-CD and phenol.

Synthesis and Characterization of the Y/MCM-41 Composite Molecular Sieves Liqin Wanga, Xiangni Yang, Yang Han, Ning Yu, Xiuli Zhao Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066004, China awangliqin@ysu.edu.cn Key words: Y/MCM-41, Composite Molecular Sieves, Micro-mesoporous Structure, Hydrothermal Synthesis, Characterization Abstract.
The pore size distribution plot indicated that the Y/MCM-41composite molecular sieves had micro-mesoporous structure, and the average pore size were about 1.5 nm and 15 nm.
The crystal structure of the Y/MCM-41 composite molecular sieves was determined by X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD) of D/MAX-rB, which was radiated by Cu Kα.
From above analysis, it can be inferred the prepared Y/MCM-41 composite molecular sieves contained both microporous structure of Y-zeolites and mesoporous structure of MCM-41 molecular sieves, and it was the micro-mesoporous material with the average pore size were about 1.5 nm and 15 nm.
(2) The research results of pore size distribution plot indicated the Y/MCM-41 composite molecular sieves contained both microporous structure of Y-zeolites and mesoporous structure of MCM-41 molecular sieves, and the average pore size were about 1.5 nm and 15 nm

This difference in structure affects the property behavior of the products made from silica.
These researches have been able to establish the structure and polymorphic classes of silica.
Iler, The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties and Biochemistry, NY, Wiley-Blackwell, 1979 [6] D.
Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, VA23, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, NY., 1993 [13] O.
Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, A23 (1993) 583-598, 654-5 [15] C.

aliujie@mail.neu.edu.cn Key words: potassium feldspar,quartz,flotation,anion and cation mixed collector Abstract.Potassium feldspar and quartz are all silicate minerals with frame structure,and have the similar crystal structure and physicochemical properties.
Introduction Quartz and potassium feldspar are similar in an ore more of the following ways: physical properties, chemical composition, structure and other aspects.
., Solution chemistry of mixed Cationic/Anionic collectors andflotation separation of feldspar from quartz, XVIII International Mineral Processing Congress Sydney, 1993, 837-844
The Solution Chemistry of Anion and Cation Mixed Collectors and the Flotation of K-feldspar and Quartz.

We have studied the effect of nanotube surface chemistry, composite preparation methods, and heat treatment conditions on the microstructure of the composites, dispersion of CNTs, and interaction between the HA and CNTs.
It was found that CNTs held the composite structure open during heat treatment, lowering the density and increasing the surface area of the materials relative to pure HA.

General Chemistry: An Integrated Approach. 2nd edition.
In X-Ray Methods in Corrosion and Interfacial Chemistry. 1992: The Electrochemical Society
Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley, 1999, 6th Edition, 625-9
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2009; 11 (6): 975–83
Corrosion and Surface Chemistry of Materials, CRC Press, USA, 2007