A Brief Survey of the Literature on Silica Refractory Research and Development: The Case for Nanostructured Silica Obtained from Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

Abstract:

Silica refractory research and development has taken a down-turn; perhaps due to the problems associated with it, or because of concerns regarding earth conservation, earth being a major source of the raw material - quartz - which is used for silica refractory manufacture. In this review, the authors have pin-pointed the problems associated with silica refractory use from the researches of the early era (1913 to 1990) and have assessed the themes of current research, in order to ascertain how well these current researches have attended to the problems raised in the early research era. The review shows that the gaps identified in the early research era still remain unattended to. It concludes by making a case for nanostructured silica obtained from rice husk ash (RHA), for the production of silica refractory, as a way of solving these problems and making silica refractory production a booming industry once again.

• Periodical: Defect and Diffusion Forum (Volume 307)
• Pages: 53-62
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.307.53
• Online since: December 2010
• Authors: B.I. Ugheoke, Othman Mamat, B. Ariwahjoedi
• Keywords: Nano-Silica, Production Optimization, Raw Material, RHA, Silica Refractory Drawbacks

References

[1] ASTM C71 - 08 Standard Terminologies Relating to Refractory.

[2] A. R. Chesti, Refractories: manufacture, properties and applications, Delhi, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, (1990).

[3] J. H. Chesters, Refractories: production and properties, The Iron and Steel Institute, London, (1973).

[4] Bureau of Energy Efficiency Publications- Energy Efficiency in Thermal Utilities, Ministry of Power, India, (2005).

[5] R.H. Iler, The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties and Biochemistry, NY, Wiley-Blackwell, (1979).

[6] D. K. Smith, Opal, cristobalite and tridymite: Noncrystallinity versus crystallinity, nomenclature of the silica minerals and bibliography, Powder Diffraction, 13.

DOI: 10.1017/s0885715600009696

[1] (1998) 2-19.

[7] A. F. Kraplya, Materikin, Yu. V., Okun, V. G., Taruntaev, B. P., Feldman, V. Z., Apakin, V. M. and É. A. Stepanenko, Production of thermal insulation refractory plates and their use in the linings of continuous casting machine pony ladles, Refractory and Industrial Ceramics, 27[3-4] (1986).

DOI: 10.1007/bf01387551

[8] C. N. Fenner, The stability relations of the silica minerals, Amer. J. Sci., 36 (1913) 331-84.

[9] Floerke, O. W. Die Modificationen von SiO2, Fortschr. Min., 44 (1967) 181-230.

[10] O. W. Floerke, Regelungserscheinungen bei der paramorphen Unwandlung von SiO2-Kristallen. Z. Krist., 112 (1959) 126-35.

DOI: 10.1524/zkri.1959.112.1-6.126

[11] O. W. Floerke and H. Schneider, Intergrowth relationships between the SiO2-polymorphs quartz, cristobalite and tridymite in SiO2-rich ceramic materials. Ber. Dtsch. Keram. Ges., 63 (1986) 368-72.

[12] O. W. Floerke, B. Martin, L. Benda, S. Paschen, H. E. Bergna, W. I. Roberts, W. A. Welsh, M. Ettlinger, Kerner, D., Kleinschmit, P., Meyer, J., Gies, H., and D. Schiffmann, Silica. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, VA23, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, NY., (1993).

DOI: 10.1002/14356007.a23_583.pub3

[13] O. W. Floerke, H. Graetsch, B. Martin, K. Roller, and R. Wirth, Nomenclature of micro- and non-crystalline silica minerals, based on structure and microstructure. Neues. Jahrb. Min. Abh., 163 (1991) 19-42.

[14] O. W. Floerke, and B. Martin, Silica modifications and products. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, A23 (1993) 583-598, 654-5.

[15] C. Frondel, The system of mineralogy, Vol. III. The silica minerals, 7th ed. J. Wiley and Sons, New York, (1962).

[16] R. E. Garrison, R. B. Douglass, K. E. Pisciotto, C. M. Issacs, and J. C. Ingle, (Eds. ) The Monterey Formation and related siliceous rocks of California, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Min., Pacific Section, Los Angeles, 68 (1981) 307-23.

[17] S. J. Stevens, R. J. Hand and J. H. Sharp, Polymorphism of silica, Journal of Materials Science, 32 (1997) 2929-35.

[18] R. B. Sosman, Phases of silica, Rutgers University Press, 1965, New Brunswick.

[19] H. Norsker, The Self-reliant Potter: Refractories and Kilns, Friedr. Vieweg and Sohn Braunsweig /Weisbaden, (1987).

[20] L. R. Drees, L. P. Wilding, N. E. Smeck, and A. L. Senkayi, in Minerals in Soil Environments 2nd ed. (eds Dixon, J. B. & Weed, S. B. ) (1989) 914–74 (Soil Science Soc. Am., Madison, Wisconsin.

[21] O. W. Florke Zur frage des hoch, -cristobalit in opalen, bentoniten und glisem. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte, (1955) 217-33.

[22] J. B. Jones and E. R. Segnit, Mineralogical Magazine, 37 (1969) 287.

[23] J. D. Gilchrist, Fuels, Furnace and Refractories, Pergamon Press, Oxford, (1977).

[24] T. R. Lynam, Ceramics- a symposium, 448, Stoke-on-Trent, (1953), British Ceramic Society.

[25] A.J. Dale, Trans. Ceram. Soc, 26 (1927) 203-25.

[26] S. B. Holmquis, Conversion of Quartz to Tridymite, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 44.

[2] (1961) 82–6.

[27] A. Muan and E. Osborn, Phase Equilibrium as a Guide in Refractory Technology, Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 41.

[7] (1962) 450-5.

[28] W. D. Kingery, H. K. Bowen, D. R. Uhlmann, Introduction to Ceramics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1975).

[29] S. McDowell, (1916) A Study of Silica Refractory, Bull. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., IIQ, (2007).

[30] D.W. Ross, Silica refractory, factors affecting their quality and methods of testing the raw materials and finished ware, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 187.

DOI: 10.1016/s0016-0032(19)91092-1

[3] (1919) 353-5.

[31] W. Hugill and W. J. Rees, Trans. A. Ceram. Soc, 25 (1925-1926) 86.

[32] J. Podwomy, and J. Zawada, The structure of low-temperature tridymite in silica refractories, Solid State Phenomena, 163 (2010) 187-90.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.163.187

[33] Y. Kikuchi and H. Sudo, Thermal expansion of vitreous silica: Correspondence between dilatation curve and phase transitions in crystalline silica, J. Appl. Phys., 82.

DOI: 10.1063/1.366279

[8] (1997) 4121-3.

[34] G. Almarahle, Production of silica-refractory bricks from white sand, American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2.

DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2005.465.468

[2] (2005) 465-8.

[35] A. A. Mohammed, Mechanical and Physical Properties of Silica Bricks Produced from Local Materials, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3.

[2] (2009) 418-23.

[36] P. Manivasaka, V. Rajendran, P. R. Rauta, B.B. Sahu, P. Sahu, B.K. Panda, S. Valiyaveettill, and S. Jegadesan, Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Properties of Silica Refractory, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 93.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03727.x

[8] (2010) 2236–43.

[37] C.E. Semler, Refractory. in Industrial Minerals and Rocks: Commodities, Markets and Uses, Kogel, J.E. and Trivedi, N. C. (Eds), Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, (2006), 1471-90.

[38] W. Davies, Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc., 47 (1948) 53.

[39] K.Y. Foo and B.H. Hameed, Utilization of rice husk ash as novel adsorbent: a judicious recycling of the colloidal agricultural waste, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 152[1-2] (2009) 39-47.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2009.09.005

[40] M. Bhagiyalakshmi, Lee Ji Yun, R. Anuradha, Hyun Tae Jang, Utilization of rice husk ash as silica source for the synthesis of mesoporous silicas and their application to CO2 adsorption through TREN/TEPA grafting. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175[1-3] (2010).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.097

[41] K. N. Farooque, M. Zaman, E. Halim, S. Islam, M. Hossain, Y. A. Mollah and A. J. Mahmood, Characterization and Utilization of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) from Rice Mill of Bangladesh, Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res., 44.

DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i2.3666

[2] (2009) 157-62.

[42] A. M. Shazim, A. S. Muhammad, A. Hassan, Utilization of Rice Husk Ash as viscosity modifying agent in Self Compacting Concrete, Construction and Building Materials, In Press.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.074

[43] Gemma Rodríguez de Sensale, Effect of rice-husk ash on durability of cementitious materials, Cement and Concrete Composites, 32.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.07.008

[9] (2010) 718-25.

[44] M. H. Zhang, R. Lastra, V. M. Malhotra, Rice-husk ash paste and concrete: Some aspects of hydration and the microstructure of the interfacial zone between the aggregate and paste, Cement and Concrete Research, 26.

DOI: 10.1016/0008-8846(96)00061-0

[6] (1996) 963-77.

[45] W. Tangchirapat, R. Buranasing, C. Jaturapitakkul, and P. Chindaprasirt, Influence of rice husk–bark ash on mechanical properties of concrete containing high amount of recycled aggregates, Construction and Building Materials, 22.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.05.004

[8] (2008) 1812-9.

[46] M.F.M., Zain, M.N. Islam, F. Mahmud and M. Jamil, Production of rice husk ash for use in concrete as a supplementary cementitious material, Construction and Building Materials, In Press.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.003

[47] H. Qingge Feng, S. Yamamichi, S. Sugita, Study on the pozzolanic properties of rice husk ash by hydrochloric acid pretreatment, Cement and Concrete Research, 34.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.09.005

[3] (2004) 521-6.

[48] M. Sarıdemir, Genetic programming approach for prediction of compressive strength of concretes containing rice husk ash, Construction and Building Materials, 24.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.011

[10] (2010) 1911-9.

[49] P. Chindaprasirt, C. Jaturapitakkul and U. Rattanasak, Influence of fineness of rice husk ash and additives on the properties of lightweight aggregate, Fuel, 88.

DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2008.07.024

[1] (2009) 158-62.

[50] D.D. Bui, J. Hu and P. Stroeven, Particle size effect on the strength of rice husk ash blended gap-graded Portland cement concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites, 27.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.05.002

[3] (2005) 357-66.

[51] P. Chindaprasirt and S. Rukzon, Strength, porosity and corrosion resistance of ternary blend Portland cement, rice husk ash and fly ash mortar, Construction and Building Materials, 22.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.06.010

[8] (2008) 1601-6.

[52] B. Chatveera and P. Lertwattanaruk, Evaluation of sulfate resistance of cement mortars containing black rice husk ash, Journal of Environmental Management, 90.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.09.001

[3] (2009) 1435-41.

[53] J. Salas, M. Alvarez and J. Veras, Lightweight insulating concretes with rice husk, International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, 8.

DOI: 10.1016/0262-5075(86)90038-2

[3] (1986) 171-80.

[54] P. C. Kapur, Thermal insulations from rice husk ash, an agricultural waste, Ceramurgia, 6.

DOI: 10.1016/0390-5519(80)90045-9

[2] (1980), 75-8.

[55] C. S. Prasad, K. N. Maiti and R. Venugopal, Effect of rice husk ash in whiteware compositions, Ceramics International, 27.

DOI: 10.1016/s0272-8842(01)00010-4

[6] (2001) 629-35.

[56] N. Yalçin and V. Sevinç, Studies on silica obtained from rice husk, Ceramics International, 27.

DOI: 10.1016/s0272-8842(00)00068-7

[2] (2001) 219-24.

[57] Tzong-Horng Liou, Preparation and characterization of nano-structured silica from rice husk, Materials Science and Engineering, 364[1-2] (2004) 313-23.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2003.08.045

[58] R. Conradt, P. Pimkhaokham, and U. Leela-Adisorn, Nano-structured silica from rice husk, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 145 (1992) 75-9.

DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3093(05)80433-8

[59] M.R.F. Gonçalves and C.P. Bergmann, Thermal insulators made with rice husk ashes: Production and correlation between properties and microstructure, Construction and Building Materials, 21.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.057

[12] (2007) 2059-65.

[60] S. Rukzon, P. Chindaprasirt, and R. Mahachai, Effect of grinding on chemical and physical properties of rice husk ash, International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 16.

DOI: 10.1016/s1674-4799(09)60041-8

[2] (2009) 242-7.