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The Monte Carlo simulation is performed for 106 samples of the input data.
(8) (9) (10) , (12) where φa,θ , φc,θ , φs,θ are the reduction coefficients depending on the temperature load effects (for steel it has been determined individually for the tie φ, f, θ and for the cross-section φ, w, θ, Ēa,θ, Ēc,θ, Ēs,θ are moduli of elasticity of individual materials reduced with respect to the temperature acting upon the element, and Ia,θ , Ic,θ , Is,θ are the inertia moments of individual materials [5].
Overall axial force acting on the column, with respect to the reduction due to the fire load, is 9030 kN.

Standard manufacturing techniques, such as extrusion, ought to be developed in order to find a beneficial solution allowing for structural weight reduction, which is a very efficient means of improving aircraft performance.
a) b) Fig. 6 Typical flow curves of AZ80 (a)and WE 43 (b) magnesium alloy determined in upsetting test The strain rates marked in Figures 5 and 6 are the mean values calculated from the recorded data of press ram velocity and specimen height during the upsetting test.
Increasing the complexity of the cross-section of the extruded profile requires a significant reduction of the extrusion rate as too fast extrusion rate causes extrusions to crack on the side surface and material pull in thin-walled part of extruded profile.
A reduction in force can be achieved by significantly reducing the extrusion speed.
· Increasing the complexity of the cross-section of the extruded profile requires a significant reduction of the extrusion rate as too fast extrusion rate causes extrudate to crack on the side surface and material pull in thin-walled section

Such kind of inhibitor is expected not only to hinder physical properties degradation, but also to avoid mechanical properties reduction during corrosion process.
This is due to the reduction of corrosion area as indicated by the surface appearance in Fig. 3 where the corrosion area becomes smaller with the increase of inhibitor concentration.
In order to show the adsorption type of the inhibition process, the data of surface coverage (Ѳ) is plotted against log concentration of inhibitor (C) as can be seen in Fig. 5.
The reduction of mechanical properties becomes smaller when the amount of the TCPE inhibitor increases.
This indicates that the protection layer is not only to reduce surface degradation, but also to avoid the mechanical properties reduction.

Here the RTK system need to use the reference station and rover two receiving terminal complete real-time positioning, the former for the latter to provide differential correction data, the measured value of the rover reduction to the original survey control net, in order to consistent with the national unified coordinate system, as shown in Fig. 1.
The new work, input the surveyed area known high grade control point (more than three) results material, as measured area coordinate system calibration data.
To build a homework, in the surveyed area control point WG - S84 coordinate system respectively under static GPS measurement, store the data.
Using GPS RTK technology acquisition of each point is independent observation point, there is no error accumulation, and data safety and reliability.
For reference station and between starting on data chain link, as long as the radio power enough, radio emission range is the range of practical work.

The relationship between the gap width, beam power, and the degree of damage will be investigated through accumulating the damage data of actual target in future work.
The reduction in the displacement velocity by the gas microbubble injection compared to the without bubbles was by a factor of approximately 0.3~0.4.
This the displacement velocity reduction by the gas microbubble injection is comparable to the operational beam power of 0.33~0.5 without gas microbubble injection.
Future work will seek to improve the accuracy of the prediction of cavitation damage by considering the bubble effect and accumulating damage depth data of future targets.
It will be necessary to obtain more damage data for different operation conditions, as well as conduct off-beam damage experiments to clarify the dominant factor for damage mitigation on the narrow channel in future work.

For the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) primary data was collected in the laboratory, while secondary data was collected from Ecoinvent v. 3.6 and scientific literature.
The electricity consumption of original Ecoinvent data was adapted to the Brazilian energy mix and market transports.
It was also found that the aparent density remained approximateley constant (less than 0.3% reduction), while the entrapped air content increased by up to 16%.
Comparing the values obtained from EBM 10-11 with EBM 7.5-13.5 and EBM 5-16, a reduction of 31% and 52% is observed for the rupture stress.
The stregth reduction found both in compressive and flexural testing can be can be asociated with the increase in FA content and decrease of CPV.

The functions of the remanufacturing system comprise calibration of system, part reversing measurement, data processing, defective model reconstruction, welding remanufacturing prototyping path layout and etc.
The functions of system include the acquirement and treatment of "point cloud" data of the worn metal part, reconstruction of defective model, remanufacturing prototyping path layout, prototyping simulation, and etc.
Its work interface shows as Fig.2. 2) Reversing measurement module This module is mainly used to set measurement parameter and mode, as well as collect and storage data.
Its work interface is shown as Fig.3. 3) Data processing module The main task of this module is smoothing, reduction, noise removing, combination and segmentation of data.
Its work interface shows as Fig.4. 4) Defective model reconstruction module Fig.5 shows that the defective model reconstruction module comprises the triangularization of "point cloud" data and the comparison of defective module and normal part model. 5) Weld prototyping module Fig.6 is the work interface of the remanufacturing prototyping path layout module.

The obtained numerical results have been compared to experimental literature data and to the numerical outputs of Instantaneous and Standard Gradual Degradation Models.
The obtained numerical results have been compared to experimental literature data and to the numerical outputs of Instantaneous and Standard Gradual Degradation Models.
The obtained numerical results have been compared with literature experimental data [10] and numerical results obtained by using standard instantaneous and gradual degradation models.
Figure 3: (left) investigated circumferenzial meshes and (right) comparison between experimental data and numerical IDM results for H8 and H32 mesh.
It can be appreciated that the energy-based degradation model, clearly mesh independent, shows an excellent agreement with experimental data in terms of ultimate load and a clearly mesh independence.

Based on the Monte Carlo simulated data for 35-400 keV implantation, we determine the nine Dual-Pearson parameters and confirm precise reproduction of profiles of 10 15-1021 cm-3 Al with sufficient smoothness.
An order of magnitude reduction in the amplitude of the data scattering is required for simulating high-voltage devices because the drift layer doping is quite low (< 10 16 cm-3).
Continuous function approximation has thus been used to take a best fit of the data of implanted Al concentration profiles and put those data into a device simulator.
By preparing a table with these energy-dependent parameters and entering the data of the table into the device simulator, the computing time for the Dual-Pearson profiles in Fig. 3 was a few seconds.
Based on the Monte Carlo simulated data, we determined the nine Dual-Pearson parameters and observed precise reproduction of Al concentration profiles with sufficient smoothness.

is less than the pre-set error;take the reconstructed surface data and the original point cloud data for comparison, more than 94% of the total data points is in the range of permissible, prove that the fitting surface accuracy is qualified.
Analysis of the error sources in reverse engineering In reverse engineering,the error is inevitable,in order to explore the factors which affect the accuracy of the surface reconstruction,it is necessary to analysis the causes of the error.The main sources of error are as follows:(1)the original model error: in the manufacturing process of the entity sample, it existed manufacturing error and the original design dimensions,worse still, for the used sample model,there are wear error and surface roughness error in it,thus can affect the measurement accuracy.(2)measurement error:it related to the methods of measurement,the equipment itself,the skill of operators, the external environment,such as ambient light,vibration,will also cause some impact.(3)data processing error: in the data processing,we process the point cloud data with deletion,hole filling and data reduction, also cause data errors compared to the original data [5].(4)surface reconstruction error and manufacturing error:in surface
Measurement data for Mirrors using the dimensional laser scanner,to obtion the point cloud data, then use Geomagic software for data fitting process, get the reconstructed model and is shown in Figure 1.
Since the point cloud data scanned is placed at random,and the fitting surface models are not in the same coordinate system,so when the two data import Geomagic qualify software together,the data needs to be aligned.By using Best-fit alignment to the completion of alignment,then using 3D Compare command to obtain the comparison of three-dimensional model and as is shown in Figure 2.
Table 2 Error Analysis of the XY plane >=Min data points in the range of 0.312 ~ -0.312 total number of data points,proved that the data points of XY cross section fitted in line with requirements