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The determination of the actual mechanical properties of materials, for existing structure, it is possible by means of an appropriate sampling and laboratory testing.
On the other hand, a wide-range of these mechanical properties can be observed within the same structure.
Therefore, the Italian codes [10] require the use of the so-called “confidence factors” (FC), which are closely linked to the level of knowledge achieved in the experimental investigations.
The concrete behaviour is significantly affected by the amount of transverse reinforcement through the confinement effect.
For this reasons, it was considered necessary to set some procedural rules about the choice of the constitutive laws of materials, finite element modelling of the structure and definition of the non-linear properties.

The continuous rolling process of pierced shell is the key deformation procedure since it not only affects the throughput of the mill, but also determines the dimensional precision of finished products.
This paper shows a 3-D coupled thermo- mechanical simulation for a similar continuous rolling process using commercial FE code MSC.SuperForm.
Fig.1 Curve of swing speed of 8-stand continuous mandrel rolling of tube A 3-D coupled thermo-mechanical model is established using practical process parameters.
The material of pierced shell is C22 which is read from MSC.SuperForm database including the mechanical and thermal property of the material.
Modeling to account for such positional and temporal variations in friction factor is under way.

Apart from that, the metal foam has superior weight-specific properties, high energy absorption and sound absorption.
These properties give wide opportunity for metal foam to be employed in different fields include electronics, chemical, machinery and aerospace [4].
An insight mechanical properties and microstructure analysis of Cu substrate and foam brazed joint interface were investigated.
Mechanical properties for brazing of sandwiched Cu foam between Cu (a) Compressive strength (b) Shear strength of brazed joint interface.
Cu foam structure (a) 15 PPI (b) 25 PPI and (c) 50 PPI Mechanical properties like compressive and shear strength are important and have their own role in heat exchanger application.

The distribution of residual stress is one of the basic properties of materials. it has an important effect on the life of molds and dies.
The reasons for the gradient distribution of residual stress Material factors.
Fig. 10 Processing of random function Random factors.
Cutting thermal factors.
Cutting temperatures also affect the crystal grain structure.

Introduction Electrical treeing is known as pre-breakdown phenomenon with complex properties in which involves electrical, chemical and mechanical processes [1-2].
Dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites.
Dynamic mechanical study of the factors affecting the two glass transition behavior of filled polymers, similarities and differences with random ionomers.

Laird 2,d 1 School of Materials, Mechanical and Mechatronics, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia. 2 Bluescope Steel, Port Kembla, NSW, Australia.
A porous tin coating with a dull appearance is produced in the affected areas.
Not only are the aesthetical values of the finished tin plate product affected but the corrosion resistance is also reduced.
Batch annealing prior to the tinning process is often a necessary requirement to produce the required mechanical properties of the final tinplate product and is usually conducted in a protective atmosphere to prevent the oxidation of the steel strips.
The dependency of the average size of the MnCr2O4 on the chromium content suggest the importance of the chromium content in the steel and that the supply of the chromium is the limiting factor for the growth of the MnCr2O4 spinel.

In the as-welded test specimen, two peak transverse residual stresses (sx) were located on either side of the weld centerline in the region roughly between the weld nugget and the thermal-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ).
This area of the weld will be relatively ineffective in inhibiting dislocation motion and the strain localization in the softened area of the weld will result in degradation in the mechanical properties [4].
During the fatigue testing, it was observed that hammer peening the plates reduced the tensile residual stresses in the lap joints and increased the fatigue life by a factor of 10.
Sandtrom, Fatigue properties of friction stir overlap welds, International Journal of Fatigue 68 (2005) 456-468
Hatamleh, The Effects of Laser Peening and Shot Peening on Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Welded 7075-T7351 Aluminum, ASM International 17 (2007) 688-694

The hydration products of the new backfill cementitious materials is mainly C-S-H gel, the flocculent C-S-H gel form dense gel-structure and bond the aggregates together form the high mechanical strength.
Iron slag powder is produced by grinding ironworks’ water quenching pulverized iron slag into iron powder, it’s density is 2.88g/cm3, alkalinity coefficient is 1.04, it is acidic slag and slag quality was 1.73 which well above the national standard of 1.2, it have higher activity to ensure that the cementitious material has good cementing properties.
Its chemical compositions are showed in Table 1 and physical properties are showed in Table 2.
Effect of properties of tailings and binder on the short-and long-term strength and stability of cemented paste backfill [J].
Chemical factors that influence the performance of mine sulphidic paste backfill [J].

Experimental Research on Reinforcing Effect of Spiral Steel Fiber Heting Zhou1,a 1Zhejiang Industry Polytechnic College, Shaoxing Zhejiang Province, China aheting.zhou@163.com Keywords: Spiral Steel Fibers, Bond Strength, Mechanical Anchorage Force Abstract.
Meanwhile, steel fibers will strengthen the fatigue property and durability of a structure.
Thus, intensifying the bond strength between steel fibers and their concrete matrix is a major factor in improving the reinforcing nature of steel fibers.
And it is supposed that the physical form of steel fibers will significantly affect their bond strength with the concrete matrix.
All of these demonstrate that the helical-effect of the spiral steel fiber has greatly facilitated its bond strength with cement mortar, that is, the mechanical anchorage has been strengthened.

This approach takes advantage of the properties of modes and the formulas look elegant and efficient.
(3) If there is a crack at cxx = , it will affect the dynamic behaviour of the beam when it is open.
(7) where the non-dimensional crack stiffness factor cα depends on the properties of the beam and the crack.
Chang: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences Vol. 48 (2006), p. 1456 [8] T.G.
Golinval: Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing Vol. 20 (2006), p. 505 [25] S.