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P/M can also create a fine grain size, which increases the material's homogeneity. [3].
The optical microscope illustrates the sample's pore distribution and it also shows there are powder grains present.
Pore ratios, types, shapes, and sizes, as well as the powder grain size, have a significant impact on the mechanical characteristics of P/M materials. [43].
But the samples content of 99% and 97 % of stainless steel (316L) contained a large number of irregularly shaped pores with sharp edges that accordingly decreases the mechanical properties more likely harnesses ,thus it exerted comparably low hardness value of 350 HV and 344 HV respectively.
The optical microscopic images of these three samples show that the formation of large grain sizes is less likely to occur and that small grains are formed inside the sample structures.

Thus, the study of the content of heteroatoms of sulphur and nitrogen showed that in dry coal there are a smaller number of them.
The characteristic grain size of dried brown coal is less than 1 mm.
As with existing dryers, before feeding the coal, the coal grain is ground to a certain size in order to open the internal pores of the coal.
For Ukrainian brown coal, the optimal grain size fed to the dryer is a fraction of 3 to 6 mm.
The only problem is the re-grinding of coal grains.

The growth parameters including germination percentages, germination indexes, root numbers, root lengths, shoot lengths and fresh weights decreased significantly at germination and early seedling stages when treated with NaCl greater than 100 mM.
Rice is an important staple food for nearly half of the world's population, however, it is a relatively salt-sensitive glycophyte[5], salinity tolerance in which can vary greatly with stages of development, for example, australian long grain variety Pelde was tolerant to salt at gemination stage, but most intolerant at the early vegetative growth and reproductive development stage.
Germination was scored daily for 7 days, the seeds were considered to have germinated when the radicle length reached 2 mm, final germination status were calculated using the following rules: Germination percentage (GP) = (germinated seed numbers / tested seed numbers) ×100%, (b) Germination index (GI)= [(G1/1) + (G2/2) +(Gx/Dx)], where Dx is the number of germination days after placement, Gx represents the number of germinated seeds in x days[10].
Salt stress inhibited rice growth High concentration of salt significantly inhibited normal root development, the root numbers of 16 days old rice under 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl were 57.53%, 26.02% and 8.98% of untreated control, respectively (Fig. 2-a).
(a) Root numbers, (b) Root and shoot lengths, (c) Fresh weights, (d) Enzyme activities of POD of Nipponbare exposed to four levels of salinity.

The nugget were mainly composed of equiaxial grains and cellular dendrites.
The sufficient constitutional supercooling appears to be necessary for the formation of equiaxed dendritic crystal.On the one hand, the solute equilibrium distribution coefficient of Mg and Li atoms in Al were less than 1 results in Mg and Li enriched at solid-liquid interface, the crystals with lesser constraint gets into liquid phase much easier, which promotes growth of equiaxed dendritic crystal .On the other hand, large amount of Al3Zr particles would be formed from 0.11% Zr of 5A90 in the welding , increasing the nucleation rate of α(Al),that is the reason why heterogeneous nucleation develops smoothly.The crystal nucleus take hold and grow on Al3Zr particles,reducing the surface energy, nucleating and growing with a lower the supercooling degree.A number of processes is formed locally as α(Al) extended along the direction of supercooling,which could be more conducive to solidify.As solidification progresses,the crystal nucleus growth extended forward and some side-branches appeared
Moreover, the interaction of welding current and induced magnetic field compelled the molten metal to rotate and bend, increasing the number of dendrites fractured of α(Al) .

ECAE process is a novel technology which allows us to obtain materials of sub-micrometric and/or nanometric grain size as a result of accumulating very high levels of plastic deformation in the presence of high hydrostatic pressure.
The remaining dimensions from Table 1 are defined as a function of the teeth number, in this case 14, and the module values chosen: 1 and 1.5.
In this way, an initial meshing with elements Hex 8 was achieved, where the number of elements ranged from 12000 to 18000.
A coarsening factor of 1.5 was taken so as to reduce the number of elements towards the inner part of the solid.
After remeshing, the number of total elements in the simulation increases where the maximum value of these ranges between 60000 and 90000.

In this paper, optimal control agencies to complete the first set point welding rod motion planning. 1 Introduction Time-consuming process in the pasting process is taking up position to the solid crystal grain position movement.
Table 1 PID Optimization process Iteration number Objective Time(s) Constraint (degree) PID_DGain PID_PGain PID_IGain 0 12.281 53.629 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1 0.19100 0.076257 0.98455 50.999 0.98283 2 0.068000 10.256 0.68780 100.98 2.3636 3 0.068000 10.256 0.68780 100.98 2.3636 4 0.068000 10.256 0.68780 100.98 2.3636 Figure 3 The initial parameters welding head motion curve Figure 4 Optimal PID control of welding head motion curve 4 Conclusion Through establish the PID control model agencies of Swing arm welding head , and through control and dynamic co-simulation optimization, we have the the movement of the fastest start and stop of Swing arm welding head body under the Positioning accuracy(Figure 4) .

Because of the partial success of Project BEALUCA (apart from a large number of interesting qualitative findings, the researchers did not obtain any quantitative results due to the simplicity of the furnaces, Splav and Crystal, on board the space station Saljut 6), project-leader Professor E.G.
China, Germany, Italy, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumani a, Russia, Switzerland, the Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the USA) and 40 Hungarian researchers gave 7 plenary lectures, 60 oral presentations and 38 poster presentations in 11 Sections (Rapid solidification; Microsegregation, the mushy zone; Microstructure selection and characterisation, grain structure; Convectional flow, macrosegregation; Composites, particles, inclusions, pores; Microstructural evaluation of eutectics; Microstructural evaluation of peritectics and monotectics; Gravitational effects; Modelling of solidification; Castings; and Thermophysical properties).

This was explained by the small grains size because the phase distribution is nanoscale in this coating.
Influence of the number of indentation on the depth of impression The increase of cycle number increases the maximum indentation depth.
So there is a more substrate effect that can produce the nucleation and growth of cracks by increasing the number of cycles.
Moreover, the influences of the number of cycles on the mechanical properties were plotted versus the loading rates, and are shown in Figure 4.
The variation of the hardness and the modulus as a function of cycle number for different loading rate was studied.

Introduction During the last years, titanium dioxide TiO2 had been the subject of an increasing number of studies due to its interesting properties such as: chemical stability, non toxicity [1], low cost and biocompatibility [2].
Furthermore, the obtained results revealed that the band gap of the prepared TiO2 films could be tuned by just varying the number of coatings.
Grain size, a, c and c/a values of TiO2 films with different thicknesses Number of coatings Thickness [nm] Grain size [nm] a [Å] c [Å] c/a 1 55 15 - - - 2 115 17 3.774 9.462 2.507 3 192 15 3.770 9.466 2.511 4 290 16 3.780 9.471 2.506 It is worthy to note that the value of c increases with thickness increase, the ratio c/a does not vary much with thickness variation, and the c/a value of the films with three layers is the closest to the bulk value [28].
For 300 °C, a very low number of grains are present while a dense granular morphology is seen for 500 °C.
The thickness of the layers increased with the number of coatings and varied from 55 nm (one coating) to 292 nm (four coatings).

The constituent molecules number are 2 for pure PP and 3 for PA12.The constituent molecules number are 1 for PP and 10 for PA12 in the blends which means that the quality ratio is 10% for PP and 90%for PA12.
The number of configuration is set to 20.
So two parameters, n and , are used to describe the number of Gaussian beads and the interaction between beads.
So the number of two beads is both 7.
After the coarse grain step, different molecular chains can be replaced by different beads.