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It is usually new and fast rising field that involved research and technology development, processing and application of structures, manufacture, sensor devices, and control of structures within sizes from 1 to 100 nm [1,2], particulate dispersions or solid particles with size in the range of 10 – 1000nm [3] and can be drastically modified their physic-chemical properties compared to the bulk material [4].
The technology has opened up new avenues of research and development in a number of fields, including medicine, cosmetics, agriculture and food, and it is being used as a means to understand how physicochemical characteristics of nano-sized substances can change the structure, texture and quality of foodstuffs.
The nano exist in random structure in an agglomerated form.
AFM images of the surface of P. minus (a) micro particle (b) nano particle at 2D structure and 3D structure AFM result shown that the milling speed has an effect to roughness of the sample.
Abdullah, Optimization of ball milling parameters to produce Centella asiatica herbal nanopowder, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry. 3 (2013) 79

The sensor can be realized with developed porosity in structure and sufficiently high conductivity that will make it potentially attractive for fabrication of devices.
Experimental Fig. 1 shows the molecular structure of the poly-N-epoxypropylcarbazole (PEPC) and Nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc).
(a) Molecular Structure of PEPC (b) Molecular Structure of NiPc The pressure sensor (5 is aluminum foil, 6 is Cu2O-PEPC-NiPc composite film, 7 is Plastic substrate and 8 and 9 are terminals) is placed between the support and the rubber film.
Relative resistance-log pressure relationship for the Ag/Cu2O-PEPC-NiPc/Al sensor Conclusion The sandwich-type structure of Ag/Cu2O-PEPC-NiPc/Al pressure sensor was designed, fabricated and investigated.
“Studies on the Optical Properties and Surface Morphology of Nickel Phthalocyanine Thin Films”, E-journal of Chemistry, Vol. 4 (2007)

Besides the attenuated total reflection structure, surface plasmons can also be excited from a free space without momentum matching simply by perpendicular incidence to the end face of a waveguide structure containing metamaterial[8,9].
Model and theory The proposed waveguide structure is composed of a dielectric core with thickness of d sandwiched between two half-infinite IMM metamaterial claddings as shown in Fig.1(a).
For the sake of simplicity, we call the waveguide structure as IMM/D/IMM hereafter.
In the waveguide structure, we choose ,, ,,,are the magnetic resonance frequency in x direction and z direction respectively.
The dispersion parameters can be realized conveniently by using SRR structure[17].

Introduction One-dimensional (1D) structured materials, such as nanotubes, nanorods, nanofibers, etc., attract a lot of attention because of their potential applications in the automotive, aerospace, microelectronic industry and medicine [1].
Thus, MSS is widely used for the synthesis of functional 1D structured oxide ceramics.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a standard tool which is commonly applied in the field of catalysis to determine the bulk structure and composition of heterogeneous catalysts with crystalline structures.
Peaks at 140, 225, 445, 606 cm–1, in accordance with [8, 9], are characteristic of pure BaTiO3 with a cubic structure.
Rotter, P.K.Schenck, G.T.Stauf, D.Rytz, Investigation of the structure of barium titanate thin films by Raman spectroscopy, Journal of Applied Physics 76(1994)7487–7498

The formation of nanoporous structure, which indicates by a circle in figure 1(b), suggests that the PVA could be acted as an agent to form pore on the nanocube surface.
The PVA was removed after the heating treatment and the pore structure was formed.
The PVA-ZnO/SnO2 nanocube structure becomes rough after the annealing process as compared with ZnO/SnO2 nanocube.
When the phase of separation was higher than polycondensation, porous structure could be obtained [10].
Pineda, Preparation, characterization, and photoluminescence study of PVA/ZnO nanocomposite films, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 128 (2011) 371-376

We can observe complex dendrite structure at the polymer-metal interface [1].
This structure causes the large area of the polymer-metal interface.
This model corresponds to the fractal-like structure of the polymer-electrode interfaces [3].
This equivalent circuit is same to the electro-chemistry model, though Zd is not the Warburg impedance which represents electrode reaction.
Liu analyzed the rough interface of the electrolyte-metal structure using a fractal RC model as shown in Fig. 2 [3].

We begin by investigating the effect of the temperature of HTEs on the structure of the sheath.
Conclusions In this paper, we have investigated the structure of a magnetized sheath of dusty plasma consisting of two groups of superthermal electrons and variable dust charge.
Bouchoule, dusty plasma: Physics, Chemistry and Technical impact in plasma processing, New York: Wiley (1999)
Malik, Influence of ionization on sheath structure in electropositive warm plasma carrying two-temperature electrons with non-extensive distribution, Phys.
Saini, Solitary and Shock Structures in Two Temperature Magnetized Plasma, in International Conference on Nonlinear Dynamics and Applications.

Disaster prevention and mitigation capacity of engineering structure and construction waste recycling is getting more and more government attention.
It is expected in engineering area that the construction materials should possess better shock resistant and earthquake resistant capacity to provide security for the ability of engineering structures to withstand disasters.
As most widely-used building material in infrastructure construction, concrete has been the carrier of people’s expectation for structure’s performance.
When the mixture meets water, polymer will turn into emulsion and during the hardening process of concrete the emulsion is dehydrated to solid polymer structure in this way to impact the inside structure of concrete to improve its performance.
There are many sludge and impurities, which will adversely affect the adhesive property of the cement and aggregate. (2) When the polymer is added into the concrete, the coagulation during the process will cause adhesive films through physics-chemistry reactions.

Although explosive spalling is generally perceived with the free moisture content in the pore structure of concrete, various studied conducted on UHPC concluded that explosive spalling can occur even in the dry state.
The low melting temperature of plastic based fibers leads to the creation of new expansion channels in concrete structure that allows transport of an excessive water vapor and consequently reduction of the interior pore pressure.
Disintegration of concrete structure, color change, cracking, damage of steel fibers (melting) and failure of their cohesion is apparent from Figs. 2a, b, c where are shown figures of UHPFRCs samples exposed to 200, 1000, and 1 200 °C respectively.
In Figs. 2b, c, high corrosion of steel fibers is visible as well as increase in porosity and damage of concrete dense structure.
This leads to increase in porosity of concrete mixes with PVA reinforcement what partially opens the UHPC dense structure for evaporation of water vapor.

The phase and structure were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) (Shimadzu 7000 (Cu Kα, λ=1.54 Å, 40 kV, 30 mA).
Most of the peaks in XRD spectra correspond to the structure of cubic-Ni (ICSD 98-026-0712) and cubic-TiN (ICSD 98-003-3715).
Lekka, Electrochemical deposition of composite coatings, in: Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Springer, 2018, pp. 54-67
Zheng, Structure and wear resistance of TiN and TiAlN coatings on AZ91 alloy deposited by multi-arc ion plating, Trans.
Sugihartono, Structure and Mechanical Properties of Elecrodeposited Ni-AlN/Si3N4 Composite Coating, J.