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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Fig. 1(a-f) XRD patterns of: as cast Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5 BMG and irradiated with Si+ (a1, a2) irradiation of a BMG [Zr0.65Cu0.18Ni0.09Al0.08]98Ti2 with Ar+ ions (b) same alloy modified by EBM (c) MVL (d) and EBM (e) and LBM of (f) Zr65Cu17Ni10Al8 Microstructure of as cast and modified samples: SEM examination of the as cast samples of Zr-based BMGs taken from the center of the ingots show featureless surfaces without defects such as precipitates, pores, grain boundaries or segregation.
Grain boundaries were observed around the heat affected zone (HAZ).
Grain boundaries are formed due to structural change from amorphous state to crystalline.
Balance Si =31 Si and Zr rich PPT Zr64Cu7.5Ni17Al11.5 A1 LBM 3.5 8.3 21.1 Balance - White PPT-1 Zr64Cu7.5Ni17Al11.5 A2 LBM 10.3 11.4 13.9 Balance - Black PPT-2 Zr64Cu7.5Ni17Al11.5 A3 LBM 3.7 15.8 29.5 Balance - Black star like PPTs Zr64Cu7.5Ni17Al11.5 A4 LBM 6.8 16.0 16.2 Balance - Segregation in cracked area Zr64Cu7.5Ni17Al11.5 A5 LBM 5.1 11.1 8.3 Balance - Needles like white PPT Zr65Cu17Ni10Al8 A1 EBM 8.1 11.7 20.1 Balance - CuZr2 phase Zr65Cu17Ni10Al8 A2 EBM 5.2 12.1 25.0 Balance - CuZr2 phase Zr65Cu17Ni10Al8 A3 EBM 5.0 11.7 19.5 Balance - CuZr2 PPT Zr65Cu17Ni10Al8 A4 EBM 5.2 16.2 31.1 Balance - Black PPT Cu10Zr7 [Zr0.65Cu0.18Ni0.09Al0.08]98Ti2 A1 EBM 8.0 9.7 17.3 Balance Ti=2.3 PPT [Zr0.65Cu0.18Ni0.09Al0.08]98Ti2 A2 EBM 10.1 10.5 17.1 Balance Ti=2.7 Segregation area [Zr0.65Cu0.18Ni0.09Al0.08]98Ti2 A3 EBM 5.0 19.7 33.8 Balance - Black PPT [Zr0.65Cu0.18Ni0.09Al0.08]98Ti2 A4 EBM 5.8 16.5 25.0 Balance - CuZr2 phase Mechanical properties of modified BMGs: Vicker’s hardness (HV) of a number

., [19] reported that the reaction sequence starts with the formation of a transient glass phase on the surface of quartz grains.
At temperature of 1200oC, the microstructure is strongly heterogeneous and very large grains of mullite are present in the matrix.
As a whole, the presented results give a deeper insight into the structural evolution of the studied materials but also suggest some further studies directed towards a more detailed investigation of the microstructure, grain size and the overall microwave properties of the material in each particular temperature range of the thermal treatment process.
Acknowledgement This work has been partially supported by Directorate of Research and Community Service, Directorate of Higher Education, at the Department of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia under Project of International Research Collaboration and Scientific Publication, Number: 1140/D3/PL/2012 and Research Center of Far Infrared Region (FIR Center), University of Fukui, Japan under Research Fellowship Program as Visiting Professor.

In this regard, the task of increasing the wear resistance of these elements is fairly relevant, as evidenced by a significant number of studies on this issue [1-6].
When parts of Hadfield steel are wearing-out against rocks that have a grain hardness less than that of steel, the metal is destroyed not as a result of scratching by grains, but because of fatigue as a result of repeated elastic deformation of its surface layer.
As an abrasive medium, white electrocorundum (25A) with a grain size of 250-315 microns was used as a homogeneous highly abrasive (a = 250 mg) material with a hardness of the main component – Al2O3 (99.6 %, mass) ~2000 HV, significantly exceeding the hardness of all wear materials.

A large number of experiments and simulation results show that the young's modulus of graphene is about 1TPa and its fracture strength is about 110GPa[2, 3], which is mainly attributed to the sp2 hybridized bonds connecting the carbon atoms in graphene[4].
Defects in the graphene are usually in the form of Stone-Wales defect [5-7], vacancy [8, 9], grain boundary [10, 11], dislocation and adatoms [12-14], etc.
"Topological Defects in Graphene: Dislocations and Grain Boundaries."
"Reversible Defect Engineering in Graphene Grain Boundaries."

In consideration of wetting and foaming capabilities of the foam, a new kind of foaming agent with high foam expansion and wetting ability is developed after a large number of filtering and compound experiments by the ROSS-Miles method and water film flotation process method.
After the experiments of the foaming ability and the wetting ability to different dust grains with different particle diameters, the results show that the new foaming agent can reduce the surface tension of solid and liquid materials rapidly with good foaming and wetting abilities.
In this paper, through a large number of experiments, we optimize and mix highly efficient foam dust suppression foaming agent, determine the optimum proportion of addition, and establish a large-scale experiment system in the laboratory to prepare the dust suppression foam.
Experimental Materials By comprehensively considering the foaming, solubility, cost, environmental protection and other factors of surfactant, select 12 surfactants from a large number of surfactants, with the active substance content of 92% to 95%.
Xuzhou tap water is odorless with the colority less than 5, turbidity less than 0.5, PH = 7.2 and oxygen saturation of 73-78%; the water is of high hardness, where there are a large number of Ca2+, Mg2+ and other multivalent cations.

Due to their superior thermomechanical performance and oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures, advanced silicon nitride ceramics with elongated reinforcing grains have been considered for hot-section components in advanced microturbines to achieve the stated goals.
Reported results are uncensored because fractography analysis was only conducted to identify strength-limiting flaws for limited number of samples via optical and scanning electronic microscopy.
As for the machined SN281 rotor hub samples the strength limiting flaw was associated with the very large elongated grains (~100-150 µm long and 10-15 µm diameter).
The presence of these large elongated grains is very typical for SN282 silicon nitride due to its high sintering temperature.

For example, number of the adhered cells to the nanorough surface with TiO2 nanotubes increases by 400% in comparison to microcrystalline Ti [8].
The nanocrystalline sinter, due to a large volume of the grain boundaries is easily etched and hence this specific morphology is obtained.
Depositing at –5 V (e) results in thicker coating composed of highly cracked HA grains.
The cracking leads to lamellar morphology, higher roughness and formation of lamellar form of the Ca–P grains.

Ottawa sand, consisting of rounded silica grains.
The bottom of the scratch seems tormented probably due to the nature of thermal spray coatings which has a lamellar grain structure.
The size and the flake-like aspect of the debris are probably due to the lamellar grain structure of the coating resulting from the rapid solidification of small powder particles, flattened by striking the substrate at high velocities.
The increase of the number of erodent particles results in an increase of the material removal rate.

In addition, TiAl phase (g) undergoes significant grain growth, which in practice, impedes or even renders treatment impossible.
In order to improve the properties of TiAl phase (g) its alloys are usually added with three groups of elements improving plasticity (chromium, manganese and vanadium), high-temperature creep resistance and corrosion resistance (niobium, tantalum, tungsten and molybdenum) and those causing grain size reduction (boron, carbon, silicon, oxygen and lanthanides).
The samples for microscopic metallographic tests were subjected to grinding with abrasive paper designated 80, 320, 1000 and 2500, followed by polishing by means of polishing cloths with an addition of diamond and, next, corundum slurry with a grain size of 3 and 0.05 mm respectively.
The strength of the brazed joints made of alloy TiAl - g (TiAl48Cr2Nb2) is conditioned by the number of intermetallic phases precipitating during a brazing process.

In addition, there are no martensitic kinetic models containing initial austenite grain size effect.
Therefore, we made an empirical kinetic model including austenite grain size term for the martensitic transformation of AISI 5120 steel as a modified Zener-Hillert type formula [22,23]
( ) 0 1 0 1 2 1 G b b G a a G M M M dY Y Y dT α β × + × + × = ⋅ ⋅ − (6) where G indicates the ASTM grain size number and α, β, a0, a1, b0, and b1 optimization parameters.