Search results

The atomic percentage of each dopant was calculated using the formula: at.% dopant = [n(dopant) / (n(Zn) + n(dopant))] × 100 (1) where n(dopant) is the number of moles of the dopant (Cu or La), and n(Zn) is the number of moles of zinc.
Various number of mortalities was observed at each concentration, respectively. 3.2 Antibacterial assay The antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles, denoted as Z, ZC and ZCL for undoped ZnO, (3.5%) Cu-doped ZnO and (3.5% Cu–3.5% La) co-doped ZnO NPs, respectively, was evaluated by the well diffusion method (WDM) on Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) Petri plates. following the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.
As can be observed from the diffractograms, strong peaks at 31.7°, 34.4°, 36.3°, 47.5°, 56.6°, 62.9°, 66.4°, 67.9°, and 69.1° are the (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), (200), (112), and (201) planes of the ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure (JCPDS card 36-1451).
The dislocation density, represented as δ, is a measure of the number of dislocations per unit area in the ZnO structure.
(Cu-La) co-doping further increases roughness and agglomeration, with a higher number of spherical structures, likely caused by crystallite clustering, which enhances surface area[44].

Large numbers of works have illustrated that microwave absorption properties of absorbing materials often depend strongly on their morphologies [6-9].
For instance, nanobelt CoO [13], dendritic ZnO [14], urchinlike Fe3O4 [15] and Ni [16] were found to exhibit good microwave absorption.
Form Fig. 1, it can be clearly found that all the reflection peaks of S1 and S2 can be perfectly indexed as face-centered cubic (FCC) Ni (PDF standard cards, JCPDS 04-0850, space group Fmm).

It can be seen clearly that all samples have a dominating phase with the cubic anti-pervoskite Mn3CuN-type structure (space group, Pm3m, JCPDS Card, No.23-0220).
The similar phenomenon can also be found in Co-doped ZnO films [11].
Because of the different number of Valenc electrons, substitution of Zn by Sn leads to a shift of the Fermi level [12-13] and perform NTE behavior.
Yang, Properties of co-doped ZnO films prepared by electrochemical deposition, Cryst.

In one, sintering aids such as CuO [4], MnO2 [5] and ZnO [6] have been doped in ceramics, in the other, A- and B-cations have been replaced by other cations such as Li+, Ta5+ and Sb5+ [7,8,9].
First, Nb2O5 was dissolved in hydrofluoric acid, followed by adding the ammonium oxalate solution to form Nb(OH)5 deposit, dissolved the proportionate raw materials Na2CO3, K2CO3, Li2CO3 and Nb(OH)5 deposit in citric acid solution respectively, mixed the four solutions together, injected ammonium hydroxide to adjust the PH value until the number equaled to 7.Then ethylene glycol was added as esterifying agent in the proportion 1:2 with citric acid, which used as coordination agent, after polyethylene glycol was added as dispersing agent, mixed the solution well, heated at the temperature of 80°C, until the gel formed, dried in air.
And the lattice constants a0, b0, c0 were calculated by the XRD data from Fig.2 to confirm the structure of gained NKLN powders, the standard card of orthorhombic KNbO3 (JCPDS NO. 71-2171) was used.

Up to now, a large number of superhydrophobic surfaces have been generated via fabrication of rough surface by etching, assembly, electrospinning, sol-gel processing, chemical vapor deposition, electrodeposition, and so on [7-11], followed by further chemical surface modification.
The peaks at 2θ values of 27.66º, 36.03º, 39.28º, 41.19º, 44.04º, 54.31º, 56.61º, 62.67º, 64.03º, 68.98º and 69.74º in pattern can be well indexed to diffraction from the (110), (101), (220), (111), (210), (211), (220), (002), (310), (301) and (112) of a pure rutile structure of TiO2, which is in good agreement with the standard date file (JCPDS Card File, 21-1276).
Cai, Fabrication of a superhydrophobic ZnO nanorod array film on cotton fabrics via a wet chemical route and hydrophobic modification, Appl.

The following are some types of TiO2 nanocomposites, namely modification with charge transfer catalyst (Al2O3 and SiO2), coating with photosensitizing dyes [3,14], noble metal deposition (Fe, Ag, Au, Pt), doping and grafting (CNT and MWCNT), coupling with semiconductors (semiconductor) CdS, ZnO, WO3), and modification with polymers (Poly amide, poly-lactic acid, polypyrrole) [15].
Based on Fig. 2 we can see the XRD pattern of TiO2 material along with the characteristics of the peaks based on JCPDS card number 21-1272 which shows the diffractogram of TiO2 obtained is an anatase phase.
Based on JCPDS card number 26-1136, the results of Fe-TiO2 synthesis containing Fe3O4 compounds can be seen from the 2θ values ​​obtained, namely 35.82o (311) and 63.04o (440).

In recent times, a number of methods have been developed to create nanostructures of CeO2 that are considerably various from the techniques used for producing bulk materials, such as ball milling [5], hydrothermal [6], sol-gel [7], and so on.
On the other hand, when various calcination temperatures are applied to the sample, the crystalline behaviour of the sample becomes visible with peaks indexed by (111), (200), (220), (311), (222), (400), (331) and (420) planes (JCPDS card no. 34-0394), which are in turn ascribed to the cubic fluorite structure and lattice parameter of a=5.4113 Ǻ.
Ahmad, et al., "A Facile Thermal-Treatment Route to Synthesize ZnO Nanosheets and Effect of Calcination Temperature," PloS one, vol. 9, p. e103134, 2014
Flaifel, et al., "Calcined Solution-Based PVP Influence on ZnO Semiconductor Nanoparticle Properties," Crystals, vol. 7, p. 2, 2017
Soltani, "A Simple Up-Scalable Thermal Treatment Method for Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles," Metals, vol. 5, pp. 2383-2392, 2015

For pure MnOx sample, the characteristic peak at 69.32° is attributed to α-MnO2 (531) (JCPDS, Card No. 42-1169).
The peaks at 22.74°, 34.17° and 59.98° endorse the presence of α-Ni(OH)2 (006), (101) and (110), respectively (JCPDS, Card No. 38-0715).
In the Ni 2p region (Fig. 3(b)), both for pure Ni(OH)2 and the composite, the spectrum shows a number of extra lines marked as satellites, Ni 2p3/2(s) at 860.9 eV and Ni 2p1/2(s) at 879.1 eV, in addition to the expected Ni 2p3/2 and Ni 2p1/2 signals (Ni 2p3/2: 855.9 eV, Ni 2p1/2: 880.3 eV).
Tong, Single-crystal ZnO nanorod/amorphous and nanoporous metal oxide shell composites: Controllable electrochemical synthesis and enhanced supercapacitor performances, Energy Environ.

It is found that all recorded peaks were perfectly matched with NiO and SnO2 peaks according to JCPDS data.
The NiO peaks were matched with JCPDS card No. 71-1179 attribute cubic crystal structure and for SnO2 peaks were matched with JCPDS card No. 02-1340 attribute tetragonal crystal structure [32, 33].
At this doping concentration, the formation of oxygen vacancies is maximized, which increases the number of active sites available for ethanol adsorption [60].
Ma, ZnO enhanced NiO-based gas sensors towards ethanol, Materials Research Bulletin 90 (2017) 170-174
Tupe, MgO incorporated ZnO nanostructured binary oxide thin film ethanol gas sensor, IJSDR 6(1) (2021) 135-142

The anatase phase was in good agreement with the reference patterns of JCPDS data (card no, 84-1285 and 84-1582) respectively.
Acknowledgement The authors wish to thanks Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM) for funding this project under research grant number of UPNM/2021/GPJP/TK/4 and FRGS/1/2019/STG07/UPNM/02/7 from Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia and ITMA, Universiti Putra Malaysia for the instruments facilities References [1] B.Kilic, Produce of carbon nanotube/ZnO nanowires hybrid photoelectrode for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. 
Uthirakumar, Highly efficient degradation of dyes by carbon quantum dots/N-doped zinc oxide (CQD/N-ZnO) photocatalyst and its compatibility on three different commercial dyes under daylight. 
[9] D.Sinha, D.De, A.Ayaz, Performance and stability analysis of curcumin dye as a photo sensitizer used in nanostructured ZnO based DSSC. 
Li, H.Liu, L.Zhu, CdS quantum dots sensitized single-and multi-layer porous ZnO nanosheets for quantum dots-sensitized solar cells.