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This method leads to porous materials displaying a negative replica of the original sacrificial template.
In direct foaming methods, porous materials are produced by incorporating air into a suspension or liquid media.
Preparation of porous materials with controlled pore size and porosity.
Nanko: Porous materials process technology and applications.
Askeland: The science and engineering of materials, 3 a edition, PWS publishing company - Boston 1994, part IV.

Functionally graded material (FGM) is well-known as one of the most promising materials in the 21st century, which has become the hot issue on its mechanical behavior and composition design.
The concept of FGM, initially developed for super heat resistant material to be used in space planes or nuclear fusion reactors, is now of interest to designers of functional materials for energy conversion, dental and orthopedic implants, sensors and thermo generators.
However, a jump hoop stress always appears in the interfaces among the different materials which hold different material properties.
These studies found that the composition control is necessary to improve thermo-mechanical performance or reduce interfacial stresses between dissimilar materials, or to achieve other multiple functionalities.
Two primary materials are Al2O3 for ceramic and stainless steel for metal, respectively.

The quality of the hole produced during the drilling of composite materials is one of the controlling factors for the resulting joint strength and integrity of the structural component.
Even though FRP composite materials provide many advantages over traditional metallic alloys, they pose many challenges in trimming and drillingstructural component fabrication.
The summary of the experimental conditions, work materials, and equipment used in this study is tabulated in Table 1.
Kao, " Drilling of Graphite/Bismaleimide Composite Material" Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol.8, No.3, 1999, pp.330-338 [2] M.
Soundarapandian, “Acoustic Emission Based Drill Condition Monitoring during Drilling of Glass/Phenolic Polymeric Composite using Wavelet Packet Transform”, Material science and Engineering A, Vol. 412, pp. 141 – 145, 2005

Bataglannis, Thermal assessment of silicon-based composite materials used in photovoltaics. (2003)
Saad, Analyzing the lifecycle of solar panels including raw material sourcing, manufacturing and end-of-life disposal, World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences. 13(1), (2024) 966–978
Cardoso, Thermoregulation of integrated photovoltaic panels with bio-based phase change materials. (2024)
Kumar, Mechanical Reliability of Photovoltaic Cells under Cyclic Thermal Loading, Journal of Electronic Materials, 49(1) (2020) 59–71
Norton, Thermal regulation of building-integrated photovoltaics using phase change materials, International Journal of heat and mass transfer. 47(12-13), (2004) 2715-2733

These materials make it possible to obtain composite coatings with a unique composition and characteristics using a magnetron.
These materials make it possible to create composite coatings with a unique composition and characteristics using a magnetron.
Shukhov and Joint Research Center “Technologies and Materials” of the Belgorod National Research University.
Mändl Thin film deposition using energetic ions Materials 3 (2010) 4109-4141
Moore The Structure and Properties of Ti–B–N, Ti–Si–B–N, Ti–Si–C–N, and Ti–Al–C–N coatings deposited by magnetron sputtering using composite targets produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis SHS Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing. 6(1) (1998) 61–72 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022663210694 [5] F.V.

One evaporator is used as “cold trap”, and the other one, shelf evaporator, is used to control materials’ temperature.
The freeze-dried material is manitol solution.
At the device studied in the paper, during the first drying process of the materials, when V1 valve is fully opened and V2 valve is 60 percent opened, the surface temperatures of the cold trap is the lowest
Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals，2000，31(8)：380-383
Simulation of the Dual-Evaporator Refrigerator Cars System Using New Refrigerant R404A, Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 2006, 40(1)

Materials and Methods The experiment materials maca samples were collected from Lijiang county in Yunnan province, Panzhihua City in Sichuan province and Peru.
Journal of Endocrinology, 2003, 176(1): 163-168
Trace Elements Determination Methods for Foods.Journal of Henan university of science and Technology (Natural Science), 2004, 25(5): 89-92
Analytical sciences, 2001, 17(3): 391-398
Journal of Tongren Vocational and Technical College(Natural Science Edition). 2010, 8(5): 55-57

Materials and Methods The Experiment Materials.
Journal of Chromatography A, 2008, 1185(1): 117-129
Journal of Henan University of science and Technology (Natural Science), 2004, 25(5): 89-92
Analytical sciences, 2001, 17(3): 391-398
Journal of Tongren Vocational and Technical College(Natural Science Edition). 2010, 8(5): 55-57

Figure 1 Landfill and water sampling wells in study area Figure 2 Geological map Materials and Methods The samples were collected from sixteen public shallow groundwater wells during 30 April 2013 – 3 May 2013 in the study area as shown in Figure 1.
Journal of Hazardous Materials 190 (1-3): 391-396 (2011)
Journal of Environmental Sciences 23(4): 640-648 (2011)
Geoscience Journal (2013) 10.1007/s12303-013-0047-6
International Journal of Environmental Engineering Research 2 (2): 38-44 (2013)

The wire cut electronic discharge machining (WEDM) is a machining technique which uses the pulsed spark discharges to produce local instantaneous high temperature to realize the ablation of materials, which is suitable for machining the difficult-to-cut materials, spatial complicated curved surface parts and special requirements, and has been widely used.
Mechanical Science and Technology for Aerospace Engineering, 29(2010)936-939
[2] Ren Fu-jun, CHINESE JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 36, (2000)78-85
Mechanical Science and Technology for Aerospace Engineering, 27(2008)119-121
[5] HAN Fu-zhu, Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 45(2005)1472-1475