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Lomonodov observed twinning in steel ferrite grains in the depth of the material for more than 0.5mm below the surface after a laser pulse [3].
In 2008 the ultra-compact LPwC system (1.5m long and 30kg) was developed; this represents a significant milestone versus versatility, accessibility as well as reliability due to smaller number of parts reducing the operational and maintenance cost of the system.
Although the fatigue initiation resistance of an integral structure is considerably increased because the reduction of the number of fasteners (i.e. stress concentration points) the fail safe and damage tolerance behavior is reduced.
Large number of tests was carried out in Oxford University where a biaxial fretting fatigue test rig was developed for this specific configuration [36].
Kuroki, “Laser processing for reducing core loss of grain oriented silicon steel”, J. of Applied Physics, Vol. 53 (1982), 2410

This will limit the number of suppliers and set focus on manufacturing method rather than an overall reliable system including the mechanical components and their joining.
In general one would expect higher yield-strength and higher tensile strength for forged components due to the reduced grain size [4] .
The FCC-structure is known for having a less steep increase in yield strength with decreasing grain size [6].
The number of tensile specimens was 21 for the “A”-series, and 7 for each of the other series in both bar dimensions.
The gasket ring dimensions were adopted from ASME B16.20 standard [18] and are valid for a groove number of R24.

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) A, E0 δvc, δvt hj E90 Aeq δh nh G Bi t Ksf,i nsf,i δnsx,i δnsy,i p Kp-f np cross section and Young modulus parallel to grain of studs; vertical displacements at the two opposite ends of the shear wall due to the compression of the base timber joist and to the deformation of the hold-down connections subjected to tension, respectively; depth of the cross section of the base joist; Young modulus perpendicular to grain of the base timber joist; stud equivalent cross section; vertical displacement of a single hold-down connection stressed by a unitary vertical force; number of hold-down subjected to tension; sheathing shear modulus; width of the i-th segment of the shear wall; global thickness of the sheathing; stiffness of the single base shear connection; number of base shear connections in the i-th segment; horizontal displacement due to the deformation of nails between sheathing and
The various displacement contributions may be evaluated through the following relationships: (9) with (10) (11) with (12) (13) nn,h Kser,h1 Es l2 l3 l4 l5 l7 s ϕk ns Lh4 Lh5, Ah5 number of nails in the hold down; slip modulus per shear plane per fastener (if a wooden-based panel is interposed between the hold-down and the timber studs, it is necessary to consider both the slip modulus of the steel-to-panel connection and that of the panel-to-frame, by summing them in parallel); Young modulus of the steel; distance of the first nail row from the base; distance of the first nail row from the ribs weld; the distance of the first nail row from ribs; hold-down width; distance between the axis of the threaded rod and the vertical plate of the hold down; hold-down thickness; hole diameter at hold-down base; number of overlapping steel sheets forming the hold-down base; equivalent length of the hold-down

In fig. 2, The comparison of material’s grain size is optimized by the thulium metalation.
(a) before optimization (b) after optimization Fig. 2, The comparison of material’s grain size before and after optimization by thulium metalizing Research content of optimizing heat treatment is: 1) Adopting vacuum heat treatment to reduce oxidation when heating; 2) Adjusting quench temperature to change metallizing degree and enhance the hardenability; 3) Adjusting the temper parameter to enhance the effect of secondary hardening.
Main technical parameters of dual liquid centrifugal casting instrument Serial number Title Unit Value 1 Power of electromotor kW 6.4 2 Rotate speed of electromotor r·p·m 800~1800 3 Diameter of the bimetal cylinder liner produced mm ≤200 4 Maximal producing ratio hour-1 4 5 Maximal force of thrusting upward ton 20 6 Outside parameters of the machine(Long×Wide×Height ) mm 4800×1500×1700 7 Total weight of the machine ton About 1.8 Dual liquid centrifugal casting instrument’s main trait is: 1) There is a brake decelerate arrester, it can adjust rev more quickly; 2) Adopting AC bunch to realize stepless speed regulating in a certain range; 3) Adopting single controller which could program to realize program control; 4) Applicable to produce various cylinder liners whose diameter is below 200mm (need to change cylinder liner mould).

A large number of small spherical wear debris in fretting scar are observed at the locations A,B and C in Fig.2(e), which can be judged as mainly black aluminum oxide according to table 1.
Fig.3(b) also shows that this zone is fine-grained, smooth and beach-like.
This zone has high roughness with some impurities in the bottom of the pits which are related to the weakness of grain boundaries.

Laboratory test data including maximum/minimum densities, specific gravity of the grains, natural water content, void ratio, densities and friction angles were also available for sand samples taken from 0.6 m and 3.0 m depths.
The soil at the site is a medium dense, fairly uniform, silty fine silica sand with the following average properties near the footings and within the top 5 meters: mean grain size D50 = 0.2 mm, SPT (standard penetration test) blow count 18 blows per 0.3 m, CPT (cone penetrometer test) point resistance 6 MPa, PMT (pressuremeter test) limit pressure 800 kPa, PMT modulus 8.5 MPa, DMT (dilatometer test) modulus 30 MPa, estimated total unit weight 15.5 kN/m3.
Tab.1 As-built dimensions of footings Footing number Length×width（m） Thickness （m） Embedment depth（m） In text, referred to as 1 3.004×3.004 1.219 0.762 3m north footing 2 1.505×1.492 1.219 0.762 1.5m footing 3 3.023×3.016 1.346 0.889 3m south footing 4 2.489×2.496 1.219 0.762 2.5m footing 5 0.991×0.991 1.168 0.711 1m footing The testing procedure consisted of applying the load in increments equal to one-tenth of the estimated footing capacity.

This number will update to 221 millions in 2010.
Performance of CR-SMA Mix Performance of CR-SMA mix, correspond with the actual standard requirement for general stone mastic asphalt(SMA) mix, includes high temperature stability, low temperature anti-cracking, moisture resistance, binder drainage, grain-jumping and so on.
Raveling and grain-jumping is main pavement damage due to the lack of the adhering strength between asphalts and aggregates in the repeated loading, especially, in the moisture condition.

In the undoped ZnO, the trapped carriers in the grain boundaries could be responsable for the increase of the resistivity [34].
The rare earths could be located at the ZnO grain boundaries, probably as oxides or as REZnO unknown compounds [36], increasing the number of surface defects in the ZnO matrix.

A sensor node might vary in size from that of a shoebox down to the size of a grain of dust, although functioning "motes" of genuine microscopic dimensions have yet to be created.
There is also Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Node called: Spec (Dust, Inc.), uPart (University of Karlsruhe), ZN1 (Hitachi), SAND (Philips), stack and bandaid (IMEC), DSYS25 (University College Cork, Ireland). 2.2.1 Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes Application Oil Recovery: The wireless underground sensor network for oil recovery consists of a base station (data sink) located at the wellbore and a large number of wireless sensor nodes deployed uniformly in the fractures of the oil reservoir.
When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants hold the fractures open.

Burned (t = 900°C) thin-grained diatomite, the composition of which is presented in Table 1, was used in the work.
On the basis of the previously performed X-ray diffraction studies of the products of hydration of aluminate phases of cement with organic additives, it is possible to assume that, at small dosages of additives, the retarding effect of the SP at the initial stage of formation of hydrosilicate phases (due to adsorption processes on hydrates) is not so great while the stabilizing effect of SP on hydrates AFm-phases lead to the formation of the lamellar structure of metastable calcium hydroaluminates with a large number of atomic contacts and as a trace to some acceleration of the growth of plastic strength.
Maslova, The role of heat treatment of powder-activated fine-grained concrete for achieving high strength, Building Materials, 10 (2013) 10-11