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Solid-state recycling methods, like Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE), provide a promising alternative by consolidating chips below the melting point while preserving alloy chemistry.
These properties make the alloy indispensable in aerospace structures, medical implants, and energy applications, where material performance directly influences system efficiency and safety [1], [2].
These processes consolidate metallic scrap below the melting point, hence mitigating oxidation-driven losses and preserving valuable alloy chemistry.
This feed is assembled into a mechanically stable consumable electrode by welding the sponge pieces under argon shielding, with chips briquettes embedded within the structure.
This result emphasizes that the large SECME is necessary not for the net heating of the titanium, but primarily to provide the high mechanical power needed to overcome the temperature-dependent flow stress (28-35 MPa at 1000°C, and 52-59 MPa at 950°C at the strain rate of 0.1/s [11]) and to compensate for massive continuous heat loss (Ploss ≈ Ptotal - Pretained) to the surrounding tooling and machine structure, which is typical for FSE on materials with high processing temperatures [12].

Glucose-sensitive hydrogels that have three-dimensional network structure can respond to the glucose, which arouses great interest in biochemistry and biomedical.
The cross section structure of hydrogels were carried out on field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, HITACHI S-4800).
As shown in Fig. 5a-f, PNA hydrogels show porous structure.
Compared with PNA0 hydrogel, with the quality of AAPBA increases, pore size structure of the hydrogels reduce slightly.
Hussain, Glucose-sensitive holographic sensors for monitoring bacterial growth, Analytical chemistry, 76 (2004) 5748-5755

The major concern in strengthening of structures with composite materials is utilizing their ultimate tensile strength under loading.
The resin type was a turane (thermosetting urethane) resin which during curing combines the chemistry of radical polymerization with polyurethane.
Setunge, Experimental study on the bondline behavior between concrete and FRP materials, in: Australian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM 22), B.
Setunge, Bond and force transfer of FRP materials bonded to concrete using sitecure system, in: The Third Asia-Pacific Conference on FRP in Structures (APFIS 2012), 2012, Japan
[8] HB 305, Design Handbook for RC Structures Retrofitted with FRP and Metal Plates: Beams and Slabs, 2008, Standards Australia: 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia, p. 68

Anodized products generally have a pore structure so that they can easily become an ideal place to grow and colonize bacteria and viruses.
Observation of the microstructure with an optical microscope shows the structure formed is dendritic in which the nucleus is continuous.
The structure formed is dendritic because the nucleation is continuous as shown in Table 3.
Observation of the microstructure with an optical microscope showed that the structure formed was dendritic where the nucleation was continuous.
Zoroddu, Noble metals in medicine: Latest advances.Coordination Chemistry Reviews, (2015) 284, 329-350

X-ray diffraction revealed that the crystals grew with crystalline structure corresponding to the orthorhombic phase of MoO3 (a-MoO3) as major phase, with a preferential growth direction along the planes (0K0).
The a-MoO3 crystalline phase with an orthorhombic structure is the unique thermodynamically stable phase. h-MoO3 with an hexagonal structure is the metastable, while b-MoO3 with a monoclinic symmetry appears to be an unstable phase [5-7].
These specific structure makes a-MoO3 as a sensing material for different gases, cathode material in batteries, catalyst and many others [8].
Compared to the above mentioned methods, the hydrothermal method is the solution phase route, has been proven to be an effective and convenient process to fabricate new meta(stable) structures.
The reaction (and calcination) temperature and time were varied and their effect on the crystal structure, shape, size and preferential growth was investigated by XRD, FTIR, Raman and SEM to know the structural, functional and morphology of the resultant products.

Furthermore, SEM observation revealed that the direct foaming method were also successful in the formation of porous structures which favourable for impregnation process by PMMA.
Small amount of other metal oxide that introduced to the zirconium oxide crystal structure will serve as a stabilizer that will make the tetragonal structure remains stable at room temperature, which is known as transformation toughening mechanism [4, 5].
The particle structures are homogenous with spherical shape and equal sized.
Al Angari, Structural and electromagnetic characterization of Cr-substituted Ni-Zn ferrites synthesized via egg-white route, J. of Molecular Structure 1097 (2015) 45-51
Scherer, Sol-gel science: The physics and chemistry of sol-gel processing, Academic Press, California, 1990, pp. 1-59, 291-293

The crystal structure and optical characterization of the deposited thin film were performed by x-ray diffraction and UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
Fe and O are forming as 15 phases of iron oxides, they are existing in the crusted of earth abundantly and the pure, mixed oxides or doped structures can be prepared in different ways [4].
The crystal structure of the prepared films were studied by X-ray diffraction pattern using Shimadzu 6000 x-ray diffractometer.
The diffraction pattern revealed that all deposited films have very low crystallinity and non-crystalline and amorphous structure in nature.
Pandey,Materials Chemistry and Physics, 116, 638–644 (2009)

Structural investigation has shown that all as-deposited films had rutile structure.
This testifies about densification of the matrix structure by Tb-doping.
Analysis of thin film structure was performed with the aid of X-ray diffraction (XRD) method.
Our previous work [13] has also shown homogenous and densely packed structure of TiO2:Tb films.
Shul, Photoluminescence of La/Ti Mixed Oxides Prepared using Sol-Gel Process and their pCBA Photodecomposition, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 185 (2007) 156-160 [6] M.

Their high strength and ductility, austenite stability, corrosion and wear resistance are highly relevant for parts and structures operating in marine environments.
To date, the laws of the influence of alloying elements have been established for them, the mechanisms of phase and structure formation during heat and deformation processing have been determined [1-5].
However, the issues of their weldability and the establishment of regularities of the "composition-technology-structure-properties" type for the metal of welded joints are still not fully studied.
Semicheva, Structure and properties of the heat-affected zone of high-strength structural steel, Physics and chemistry of material processing, 5 (1985) 119-125
Kostina, Structure and properties of thick-plate welded joints of new austenitic nitrogen steel for operation under high static and alternating loads, corrosive environment, Questions materials science 1 (81) (2015) 95-108

The basic parameters of material determining its resistance to degradation effects and also to wear, are chemical composition, structure and properties [8–12].
When selecting a material suitable for certain application, it is necessary to know its properties, which depend especially on structure.
With respect to the complexity and variety of influencing factors, the effect of structure on wear resistance is still explored insufficiently.
Therefore, the resulting structure and properties of the layer are possible to be achieved at once.
Gerlich, Influence of alloy chemistry on microstructure and properties in NiCrBSi overaly coatings deposited by plasma-transferred arc welding (PTAW), Surface and Coatings Technology, 205 (2010) 759–765