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The XRD patterns of the calcined powder at 600 and 800°C presents a defined structure and their diffraction peaks are in agreement with the standard card JCPDS 75-162 of Ce0,8Gd0,2O1,9, identifying the fluorite-type structure (space group Fm3m).
This crystalline structure is desired in an ionic conductor such as solid electrolyte applications.
The diffraction pattern obtained corresponds to the cubic fluorite-type structure, ideal for oxygen ionic conductors such as solid oxide electrolyte applications.
Rajendran, Effect of micro- and nano-structures on the properties of ionic conductors, Solid State Ionics, 70–71 (1994) 83–95
Kareiva, Sol–gel preparation and characterization of gadolinium aluminate, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 102 (2007) 105–110

Effect of Annealing on the Hardness Variation and Deformation Behaviour of W-Ni-Cu and W-Ni-Fe Alloys Wen Su1,a, Chen Sun1,b, Haotian An1,c and Tianhong Gu1,2,d* 1Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, P.R. of China 2Advanced Materials Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, P.R. of China aWen.Su23@student.xjtlu.edu.cn, bChen.Sun20@student.xjtlu.edu.cn, cHaotian.An20@student.xjtlu.edu.cn, d*Tianhong.Gu@xjtlu.edu.cn Keywords: tungsten heavy alloys, deformation behaviour, EDS, XRD.
This study investigates the effect of annealing on the microstructural evolution and hardness behaviour of W-Ni-Fe and W-Ni-Cu alloys through the Vickers hardness tests, crystal structure, morphology and elemental distribution analysis.
Introduction Tungsten (W) is a typical body-centred cubic (BCC) structured metal that exhibits nearly elastically isotropic characteristics in its single-crystal form under low pressure [1, 2].
Crystal Structure and Diffusion Analysis The crystal structure of W-Ni-Cu and W-Ni-Fe alloys is composed of W phase and γ phase (Fig.1a and c).
Observations reveal that the binder phase is indeed uniformly dispersed around the W particles, forming a well-developed encapsulated structure that effectively prevents direct contact between W particles.

Combining with self-organizing feature map algorithm, we have analyzed the effect on the system structure from the exchange between information flows.
The evolution of information systems is a self-organizing process, and its development model presents a multi-level structure.
Inactive patterns (lj<0) represent information system structures that will be eliminated and cannot survive to form, and the active patterns (lj>0) stand for survival and formation of information system structures.
This logical chain clearly explains that different environments bring different structures or patterns of information systems.
Thus, we form a new paradigm of information system with organization, structure and entropy as the core, which is of great significance both in theory and in practice.

Isothermal Oxidation Resistance of Zr3[Al(Si)]4C6-Based Composite Ceramics at 1000-1300°C in Air Lei Yua, Hui Liub, Kai Liangc, Zhendi Zangd, Jiacheng Shie, Yiru Shenf, Qi Tiang and Xuhong Wangh * School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, P.R.
The surfaces of the oxide layer have a loose and porous structure, consisting of mainly ZrO2 and little mullite, and there are no dense oxide films preventing the inward diffusion of oxygen element effectively.
Meanwhile, the oxidation product B2O3 has a high volatility at temperatures higher than 1000°C, which makes the oxide layer of the composite form a loose and porous structure.
Iwata, Synthesis, crystal structure, and thermoelectric properties of a new layered carbide (ZrC)3[Al3.56Si0.44]C3, J.
Wang, Synthesis and structure-property relationships of a new family of layered carbides in Zr-Al(Si)-C and Hf-Al(Si)-C systems, J.

Ageing and failure of materials, products, and structures when exposed to operational factors, including climatic ones, cause significant losses for the economies of different countries.
Introduction Ageing and failure of materials, products, and structures when exposed to operational factors, including climatic ones, cause significant losses to the economies of different countries.
Today, experimental investigation and prediction of material, product, and structure life are based on the two methods [5]: the first one is field testing in special weather stations; the second one is accelerated laboratory weather testing according to the developed test conditions.
In the light of the above, the promising direction in the area of service life prediction for various materials, products, and structures is development of accelerated weather testing methods for products and structures made of materials of various nature for given operating conditions.
Galibeev, Khimiya vysokomolekulyarnykh soedineniy, Chemistry of macromolecular compounds.

Local structure analysis.
The local structure analysis is essential in molecular dynamics simulations.
An index can be given to the crystal structure of materials based on the local density of an atom, but it is not capable of distinguishing among the crystal structures.
In hcp structure, one atom has six 1422 and six 1421 diagrams.
[21] J.D.Honeycutt, H.C.Andersen, Molecular-dynamics study of melting and freezing of small Lennard-Jones clusters, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 91 (1987) 4950–4963

The flame structure in solid propellant burning is complex and flame models and empirical burning rate laws are used to seek its understanding [1].
The flame photographs published by NASA (Space News, May 12, 2000) reveals the difference between the structure of the flame on earth and in the microgravity environment (see Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 Photographs show the difference of flame structure on earth and in microgravity condition (Space News, May 12, 2000).
Through these experiments one can essentially examine the variations of the flame structure and the corresponding burn rate at different orientations / attitude.
All these ingredients are mixed as per the chemistry and made it in the form of a paste using water and cured as per the desired temperature [14].The Fig.4(a-c) shows the various stages of in-house propellant preparation.

When testing materials, it is important to monitor the parameters of printed materials depending on their internal structure and type of material [6].
The mechanical parts of the device and structure include the support structure, hybrid stepper motor with encoder, gearbox, screw, 1N resolution dynamometer, linear guide and sample fixture.
The basic structure is made of aluminum alloy profiles, on which the Hiwin linear system with carriages and a ball screw is placed, enabling linear movement with high precision.
Software is block-oriented, with a divided vertical structure with defined application interfaces between individual layers, Fig. 3.
Jupyter widgets and extensions for education and research in computational physics and chemistry.

By means of SEM, XRD, grain size analyser, digital ohmmeter and differential thermal analyser, the surface topology, structure and conductivity of silver-coated copper powder and raw copper powder are characterised.
From Figure 3d, the prepared silver-coated copper powder has a core-shell structure.
It is also proved that the silver-coated copper powder obtained is a continuous and covered powder of core-shell structure.
A compact cover layer is formed onto the silver-coated copper powder which is a core-shell structure and has an excellent conductivity
Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 1997, (1):32 [7] J.G.

The unique features of the nanocrystalline structure and the changes in microstructure as a function of milling time were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDX.
Austenitic steels generally have low-carbon compositions that make use of nickel alloying to stabilize the fcc structure.
Pure Fe particles are roughly spheroidal in shape and have an average particle size of approximately 45 µm, whereas Mn particles have a thin plate-like structure with an average size of approximately 40 µm.
The strained state is a state of higher internal energy, where the dislocation structure (along with other lattice defects) is thermodynamically unstable.
Chemistry of Materials, 2000. 12(5): p. 1354-1360