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Russo3,d 1School of Chemistry Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia 2Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy 3Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, University of Rome “La Sapienza” Rome, Italy, aw3.senadeera@qut.edu.au, bgadiletta@unisa.it, cmdimatte@unisa.it, dpaola.russo@uniroma1.it Keywords: drying kinetics, grapes, treated, untreated Abstract.
Grape drying to produce raisins is a very slow process, due to the peculiar structure of grape peel.
Generalized microstructural change and structure-quality indicators of a food product undergoing different drying methods and conditions, Journal of Food Engineering, 109, 148–154 [2] Doymaz, I

While pectin is, therefore, particularly important in maintaining the structure of flax stems, its degradation is of fundamental importance for retting and the resulting quality of flax fibers [13].
Müssig, volume 4 of Flax-Structure, Chemistry, Retting and Processing, part, 2, Wiley Publishers (2010)

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(ether ketone) containing Side Sulfonic Acid Group for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell Dong-Wan Seo 1,a , Young-Don Lim 1,b , Soon-Ho Lee 1,c , Tae-Whan Hong2,a, Soon-Chul Ur2,b, Il-Ho Kim 2,c , Whan-Gi Kim 1,d* 1 Department of Applied Chemistry/RIC-ReSEM, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering/RIC-ReSEM, Chungju National University, Chungju, Korea 1,a s0673231@konkuk.ac.kr, 1,b h3boy@hanmail.net, 1,cloveknotsh@hanmail.net, 2,a twhong@cjnu.ac.kr, 2,b scur@cjnu.ac.kr, 2,cihkim@cjnu.ac.kr, 1.d *wgkim@kku.ac.kr Keywords: poly(ether ketone), sulfonation, proton exchange membrane, fuel cell, S-PEK Abstract.
Most of the chemical structure of polymer membranes have sulfonic acid groups directly attach on aromatic rings.
Chemical structures of sulfonated poly (ether ketone) (S-PEK) copolymers were identified by 1H NMR shown in Figure 1. 1H NMR confirmed that methylene protons nearby COOH in PEK-COOH were observed at 2.2 ppm and 2.8 ppm respectively, and the methylene protons of PEK-OH were shifted to down field 2.1, 2.3, and 3.6 ppm because of the electron withdrawing effect.

Structure of the polysaccharides in different parts of the same raw materials is different, so extraction and preprocessing step is not the same.
Advanced Materials Research. 2011,361-363:748-752 [6] Dubois, Gilles,Hamilton, Rebers, & Smith.Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances[J].Analytical Chemistry.1956,28(3):350–356
Structure of a fucoidan from the brown seaweed Fucus serratus L.

The structure of SAP was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
This could be attribute to that the introducing of bentonite made the salt-water adsorbed by the surface active hydroxyl groups of bentonite difficult to lose because of the existence of a large number of channel structure.
[7] Flory,P.J.Principle of Polymer Chemistry.Cornell University Press:Ithaca,New York,1953:38-49

It has been identified as mineral admixture in 1990 [2] and since than it has been broadly studied as mineral admixture [3], highly reactive pozzolan [4] and to improve pore structure and transition zone (ITZ) [5].
Hewlett, Ed., Lea’s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete.
Shen, Effects of metakaolin, silica fume and slag on pore structure, interfacial transition zone and compressive strength of concrete, Construction and Building Material, 44(2013), 1-6

This shock absorption material has the composite structure of water and inorganic particles with pore.
By using this phenomena on nano particles in water, the energy generated by the impact force acting on the whole structure can be dissipated[4].
Y., "A study of the Surface of Chemically Modified Porous Silicas by Water Porosimetry," Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry, No. 70, pp. 1380~1383, 1996

Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnFe2O4/TiO2 Composite and Photocatalytic Properties Pavels Rodionovsa,*, Janis Grabis, Aija Krumina Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena 7, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia aprodionovs@gmail.com Keywords: photocatalysis, hydrothermal, nanocomposite, zinc ferrite, titania Abstract.
All peaks corresponded to a cubic spinel ZnFe2O4 structure, indicating that pure crystalline ZnFe2O4 was synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis.
Zhu et al., Facile synthesis, structure and visible light photocatalytic activity of recyclable ZnFe2O4/TiO2, Appl.

Cellulose Hydrolysis by Acidic Ionic Liquids Enhanced with Microwave Heating Hai-Yun Ma1,a, Zhi-Ping Zhao1,b*, Peng Lu1,c 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China a1960945424@qq.com, bzhaozp@bit.edu.cn, clupeng1204@163.com Keywords: Cellulose, Acidic ionic liquids, Catalytic hydrolysis, Microwave heating Abstract.
The ionic liquids [(CH2)3SO3HVIm]HSO4 and [BMIM]Cl were excellent solvents to absorb microwave, the molecules moved faster under the function of the electromagnetic field, making it easier to enter inside of the cellulose molecules and disrupt the supermolecular structure of cellulose, leading to the improvement of the TRS yield.
Chanzy, Crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose Ib from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction, J.

Due to ZnO grown along (002) orientation typically lacks of structure inversion symmetry [3], spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization introduce an internal electric field in film.
It is observed that both ZnO and LNO layers are polycrystalline and the lattice spacing of ZnO/LNO/Si film was measured to be 0.28nm corresponding to the [010] planes of the hexagonal wurtzite structure.
Journal of Materials Chemistry. 22, 17071-17078(2012)