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Increasing of casting speed can refine grain size, decrease the thickness of segregation layer in periphery of billet and improve surface quality of billet [4-6].
Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the supports of the doctoral foundation of China Ministry of Education (Grant number 20130042130001) and the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (Grant number 2015B090926013).

Based on the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) number 98-009-9860, LiFePO4 has a lattice parameter value of a = 10,294 (Å); b = 5.986 (Å); c = 4,675 (Å).
The hope that should occur is the change in electron density in the battery doped with Gd3+ ions at a greater concentration, which can be explained because the atomic number of Fe (56) is smaller than that of the Gd atom (157).
The higher the Gd3+ ion concentration the greater the grain size, which is also accompanied by an increase in homogeneity and density.

Among the different categories of laser surface treatment processes, laser hardening and laser melting are the simplest, since no supplementary materials are added, and they are particularly effective for processing ferrous alloys with grain refinement and uniformity of the acquired structure are the outcome.
In fact, these processes have been employed for improving the erosion and corrosion resistance of a number of ferrous alloys [6,7].
Unlike the nearly equiaxed ferrite grains microstructure of the as-received samples as shown in Fig. 2(a), the microstructure of the LH samples is composed of three regions based on their different microstructures the hardened zone (HZ), the heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal zone (BM) as revealed in Fig. 2(b).
The SEM micrographs (Fig. 3) show that the HZ consists of acicular martensite, whereas the HAZ contains martensite, carbide particles, MnS inclusions, and minor content of initial ferrite grain structures.

The number of the primary beam particles hitting the sample was measured to ~1% by a secondary monitor.
The analysis of the oxide powders at annealing times (DVt) ½ << r allows one to measure the exchange frequency Γ on the surface:    ,exp13)( 1 0   rt CtC (4) where the superscribed bar denotes an averaging over the grain sizes.
Moreover, using (3) it is possible to determine the volume diffusion coefficients DV over the temperature interval where the problem cannot be solved for coarse-grain or monocrystalline samples.
It is proved the sensitivity of traditional isotope methods is considerably improved here and fundamentally new methodical opportunities appear to study processes at the 'gas medium - solid' interface, as well as volume and grain-boundary diffusion in polycrystals.

The permeability at a location with larger grains is better than that with smaller grains.
The preliminary velocity as departing the chute is related to two factors, one of which is the friction coefficient between burden particles and the chute inner surface, and the other is the velocity variation that occurred as burden grains fall onto the chute from the center pipe, this phenomenon is described by the velocity reduction coefficient.
It is greatly important to correctly chose pre-conditions in the productive rules, taking the diagnosis and forecast of channeling as an example, the number of used pre-conditions exceeded thirty.

(4) Choose coarse aggregate grading with less maximal grain size.
Adam Neville et al suggest [2]: that the smaller the maximal grain size is, the smaller the stress difference of interface between aggregate and slurry will be.
In addition, the strength of the small aggregate grain is higher than that of coarse one, because the maximal crack controlling the strength is eliminated during rock crushing
Table 6 Compressive Strength of Concrete with Large Dosage of Fly ash and Different Ratio of Water to Binding Material Dosage of binding material (%) Fluidity(mm) Compressive strength (MPa) No cement Fly ash W/C+F Water reducer % slump Spread 3d 28d 56d C 100 0 164 385 58.8 79.8 83.3 F5 50 50 253 684 25.1 56.1 68.6 F6 40 60 258 680 21.6 51.7 62.4 F7 30 70 0.30 2 250 670 19.1 48.4 58.2 1C 100 0 0 0 65.6 85.3 94.7 1F5 50 50 260 656 29.5 61.6 69.8 1F6 40 60 244 633 28.3 62.7 68.4 1F7 30 70 0.25 2 220 545 28.4 58.0 65.2 2C 100 0 0 0 71.3 94.2 102.9 2F5 50 50 236 469 45.6 81.6 90.8 2F6 40 60 210 443 40.2 77.3 82.3 2F7 30 70 0.22 2 191 412 37.3 77.2 78.8 Note: "1" before C、F5、F6、F7 denotes that the water-binding material ratio of concrete is 0.25, "2" denotes that the ratio is 0.22，no number denotes that the ratio is 0.3.

Results After plasma treatment of fractionated broken glass, the grain composition of GMB was studied using the example of colorless container glass.
Grain composition of glass micro balls at plasma gas consumption: 0.00093 (а); 0.0116 (b); 0.00140 (c); 0.00163 (d) g/sec As it can be seen from figure 2, with an increase in the flow rate of plasma-forming gas from 0.00093 to 0.00163 g/sec, the number of fractions with a size of 80-320 microns increases, and the size of 630-1450 microns decreases.
The regularities of obtaining glass micro balls based on glass domestic waste, consisting in the influence of plasma-forming gas consumption on their grain composition, are established.

In metallurgy and materials engineering, a number of phase transformation in solids like precipitation, oxidation, creep, annealing, homogenization, etc. are brought about by the process of diffusion.
Light metals are generally defined as metals with relatively low densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.
In metallurgy, for example, a light metal may be defined on the basis of density, whereas in physics the distinguishing criterion might be atomic number (or atomic weight), while a chemist would prefer to chemical behaviour.
Concern with aspects of weight saving should not obscure the fact that light metals possess other properties of considerable technological importance, e.g. the high corrosion resistance and high electrical and thermal conductivities of aluminium, the machinability of magnesium, and extreme corrosion resistance of titanium.[5–7] Titanium has a number of features that distinguish it from the other light metals and which make its physical metallurgy both complex and interesting.
The fracture features along TiA side and SS side predominantly dominated by the slightly faceted appearances of “river marks” due to the changes in the orientation of the cleavage planes operating from grain to grain; hence, it confirmed that the DAJs processed at higher bonding temperature were undergone majorly brittle fracture of intergranular mode during tensile testing.

Several factors affect the FLC including sheet thickness, temperature, strain rate and grain size and strain hardening exponent.
The numbers at the top of Fig. 2 are the geometry numbers corresponding to those in Fig. 1b, covering strain ratios from pure tensile to equibiaxial conditions.
Neural network The artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a powerful estimation tool that can be used in mapping any function whatever the number of variables controls that functions.
Those points are the start point (point number 1), the finish point (point number 5) and the critical point (point number 3).
The total number of the training sets is the five sets that characterise the different process parameters of the experimental FLDs at different temperature and forming rates as inputs to all networks.

The value of air permeability can be adjusted by changing the diameter and number density of the polymer wires.
Such a result might have been caused by excessive grain growth at a higher sintering temperature.