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For resistance spot welding, the largest cost factors identified were energy consumption and frequency of electrode replacement.
They found that the type of electrode, high current setting and proper welding technique affect the quality of arc-spot welds in multi-layer connections.
The new technical solution: specimens, material and connection properties An experimental program was carried out at the CEMSIG Research Centre (http://www.ct.upt.ro/en/centre/cemsig) of the Politehnica University of Timisoara.
The full-scale testing program was completed with tensile tests to determine both the material properties for beam components and the behaviour of connections.
In order to determine the mechanical properties of the CWB components, a set of samples were cut out from the lipped channels, corrugated sheet, both from the flat regions and corners and reinforcing shear panels, according to EN ISO 6892-1:2009 [6] specifications [1,2].

Also there is no need to adjust the numerical parameters such as initial smoothing length, initial particle density [12], friction coefficient, fracture control parameter and coefficient for the time step that increases which affect the prediction error for cutting force and chip compression ratio as well as computing time [11, 13].
Table 1 Work piece and Tool Physical properties Property Work piece Tool (WC) Density ρ [kg/m3] 2700 15600 Young’s Modulus E [Gpa] 73.1 630 Poisson ratio ν 0.33 0.25 Shear modulus [Gpa] 27 274 Specific heat [J/kgK-1] 910 - Tmelt [K] 903 3077 Troom [K] 300 300 Table 2 Johnson-Cook parameters of work piece Parameter A [MPa] B [MPa] C [-] n [-] m [-] Value 167 596 0.4 0.551 1.0 4 Results and Discussions The following section presents a comparison between the SPH simulation results of predicted cutting force values and Mahamani’s experimental [9] results of AA2219-TiB2/ZrB2 Metal Matrix Composites.
Three different levels and cutting factors were considered in Experimental analysis (Table 3) and the same has been used for SPH simulation test.
Table 3 Level of the machining parameters [9] Factor Notation Factor Levels 1 2 3 A Cutting speed Vc [m/min] 100 125 150 B Feed rate f [mm/rev] 0.05 0.1 0.2 C Depth of cut d [mm] 0.5 1.0 1.5 4.1 SPH Simulation Results.
Sampath (2011), ‘Effect of In-Situ TiB2 Particle Addition on the Mechanical Properties of AA 2219 Al Alloy Composite’, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering Vol. 10,No.6, pp.527-534

Industrial byproducts addition to Portland cement is endorsed by important aspects: one is the possibility of confining a hazardous waste into a solid matrix, while obtaining a cement based solid, serving as a construction material and getting significant improvements in the cementious properties [10].
These two factors depend on the pozzolan’s nature and the active phases quantities and quality.
This could be attributed to the amorphous characteristics of this material, the average particle size and the chemical composition, these factors drive the improvement of the pozzolanic activity.
Hence, the Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) is considered on of the wastes most important acid-base properties, related with the mobilization of toxic compounds [16].
Hreglich, et al., Inertisation of slags from the treatment of end of life automotive batteries and their reuse in the production of heavy clay products with soundproofing properties, Glass Tech.: European J. of Glass Science and Technology Part A. 49 (6) (2008) 313-316

The size of AuNP determines their unique optic, electronic and magnetic properties.
AuNP have increasingly gain interest due to their unique properties ofcontrolable morphology [5] and size dispersion [6,7], less toxicity and ease in synthesis and detection.
Besides, AFM is normally a surface investigation that not only gives the information about topographical but enable to deliver multiple information on material properties such as electrical, mechanical and chemical characterization when the tip make a contact with the sample surface.
Furthermore, AFM imaging requires the particle to be rigidly anchoring to a substrate.AuNP are very sensitive to their environment factors such as pH, temperature, electrolyte and solvent.
However, this not affect the height of the measurement that was used to determine the size of nanoparticle but it effect the overall surface features.

The quality of the injection mold design directly affects the actual mold structure and the final plastic products.
If the venting system works ineffectively, defects may form, such as short shot, burn marks, and v-notches, which seriously affect the function and aesthetic performance of the molded part.
In the venting system design process, designers need to determine the sum, location, size, and other relevant factors.
Material properties.
Material properties Unit Values PA66 + 30%GF PA66 Molecular weight g/mol 105 12E3-20E3 Density g/cm3 1.36 1.09 Moisture Content (24 hours) % 0.2 0.7 Tensile Strength (23 0C) MPa 148 30 Elongation at Yield % 5 3 Fig. 2.

Since the extrusion direction is an important parameter for the directional dependency of the properties, all sheet parts are cut and formed parallel to the extrusion direction.
A third, not to be underestimated factor of the DIC measuring principle is the uniformity of the lighting conditions.
The small differences that are present can be related to different factors: correlation errors due to light intensity changes during forming or due to slight color or gloss changes of the heated sheet, camera calibration errors, the constant volume assumption of the material and last but not least the matching of the exact same measuring location of the DIC cross-section and the one of the manual measurement.
It is clear that during the relaxation of the frozen-in stresses, and the corresponding deformation of the sheet, some regions are more affected than others by this phenomenon and are subsequently more strained.
Scott, Effects of rheological properties and processing parameters on ABS thermoforming, Polymer Engineering and Science, vol. 41, pp. 240-261, 2001

The mechanical properties of the material are considerably affected by its local and global anisotropy.
Moreover, at high rates of stresses, some processes may flow simultaneously, taking into account the crystallography and the Schmidt factor.
Respectively, anisotropy of microstructure necessarily affects nucleation and propagation of microcracks.

Study on Particulate Matter of Diesel Engine Using Waste Cooking Oil Nur Fauziah Jaharudin1,a, Nor Atiqah Ramlan1,b, Mohd Herzwan Hamzah1,c, Abdul Adam Abdullah1,d, Rizalman Mamat1,e 1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia afauziahjs@gmail.com, batiqahramlan3@gmail.com, cherzwan@gmail.com, dadam@ump.edu.com.my, erizalman@ump.edu.com Keywords: Particulate matter, soluble organic fraction, soot, waste cooking oil, biodiesel Abstract.
Many researchers reported that the main factor affecting PM emission is the fuel oxygen content [12].
Table 1 summarizes the detail properties of the test fuels.

Since that, adhesion between fiber and matrix is an essential factor that is responsible for the mechanical properties of the entire composite [1, 2].
Effect of carbon fiber surface chemistry on the interfacial properties of carbon fibers/epoxy resin composites.
Interfacial and mechanical properties of carbon fibers modified by electrochemical oxidation in (NH4HCO3)/(NH4) 2C2O4· H2O aqueous compound solution.
Effect of ammonium-salt solutions on the surface properties of carbon fibers in electrochemical anodic oxidation.
Influence of surface properties on the interfacial adhesion in carbon fiber/epoxy composites.

Consequently, different cooling rates, affecting the magnetoelastic energy, change the magnetostriction constant.
Hu, Investigation of grain growth and magnetic properties of low-sintered LiZnTi ferrite-ceramics.
Chattopadhyay, Study of the bulk magnetic and electrical properties of MgFe2O4 synthesized by chemical method, Mater.
Childress, Effect of lithium and oxygen losses on magnetic and crystallographic properties of spinel lithium ferrite, J .Amer.
Physical properties of ferrimagnetic oxides in relation to their technical applications, Philips Technical Library, Eindhoven, 1959