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At the same time are geometrical device dimensions closing up with the quantum-mechanical length scale of conduction electrons.
It has been found, that electrical, mechanical and other properties of such microscopic wires change significantly as width narrows to the extreme nanoscale.
Yet long before quantum mechanics enters the field of nanoscale metallic wires, another physical phenomenon affects their reliability.
Copper with its inherent properties of low electrical resistance (bulk value ρ=1.55 µΩcm) and considerable electromigration endurance naturally became the metal of interest with the potential to meet up to challenges of the 0.13 and 0.10 µm technologies.
Indeed, the simple jellium model, where the delocalized valence electrons move in a homogeneous positive charge background (jellium) has long been used to study electronic ground-state properties of metals, and more recently also of small metal clusters [15].

The development of laminated ceramic composites allow the fabrication of new materials with properties superior to those of monolithic ceramics [1].
In general, the enhanced mechanical behavior exhibited by these composites can not be attributed to a simple rule of mixtures of the properties of the constituent materials but also the laminar structure itself [2-4].
If residual stresses are present, they can be controlled by designing the proper thickness and distribution of the layers in order to optimize the mechanical properties.
All this considerations clearly show that for a laminate composite the composition, thickness, number and position of the layers are very important design parameters that must be controlled in order to get the desired properties.
The factors that affect the thickness of the layers fabricated by this processing technique are among others: Electrical conditions (voltage and current), solid contents binders and current time [59,60].

The water supply trough was equipped with both mechanical and chemical filters - a gravel filter was inserted at certain distances for grasping mechanical impurities and absorption of substances that could serve as nutrients for algae and bacterial that would adversely affect water quality in the system and subsequently the state of the wooden structure.
Any mechanical impurities then remained at the bottom of the filling room and were no longer in the foundation system.
In the past, the moisture regime of the monastery was adversely affected by many inappropriate interventions that have compromised the state of its construction.
The phenomenon of moisture movement is extremely variable from case to case, depending on the specific features of the masonry: direction, quantity and continuity of water supply from ground, depending on seasonal and accidental factors, evaporation condition, thickness and arrangement of the bricks in the masonry, nature of mortar joints etc. [14].
The monitoring and deeper investigation of moisture transport phenomena are useful for the assessment of the efficiency of remedial technologies and also a for better approaching the real properties of building materials and, at the same time actual climatic conditions experienced on site.

Comparing with welding traditional techniques, laser welding efficiency strongly depends on the optical properties of the material [12]: absorption, transmission, refraction, reflection, scattering and thermal properties: heat capacity, thermal conductivity and density.
In order to determine the temperature field during the laser welding process, the thermal properties of the materials to be welded are required as input parameters to model the thermal process properly namely, thermal conductivity, specific heat and density, which are dependent on temperature.
Thermal properties of the materials constituting the composite are different, a factor around 4 exists between resin and fibers conductivities for instance.
Moreover, the final composite thermal properties also depend on the spatial organization of its constituents, resulting in anisotropic macroscopic effective properties.
In order to determine the temperature field during the laser welding process, the thermal properties of the materials to be welded are required as input parameters to model the thermal transfer.

Some magnetic composites showed as interesting materials for MR properties.
Long et al, reported the MR properties of PANI nanotubes filled with magnetite [16].
Structural, electrical and magnetic properties are discussed.
Transport Properties.
Li, Synthesis and electrical–magnetic properties of polyaniline composites.

The design method of airfoils for variable-pitch wind turbines based on knowledge engineering Huan XIE1,a , Wei ZENG2,b 1 Department of mechanical and electrical engineering, XiJing University, Xi’an 710123,China 2School of traffic and transportation engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China ahuan-mail@163.com, bzengwei1987@yeah.net Key words: airfoils of wind turbines; SBF; case-based-reasoning (CBR);neural rules; knowledge-based engineering(KBE) Abstract: In order to make good use of the previous design knowledge, the knowledge-based engineering ideas were introduced to the design of airfoils for variable-pitch wind turbines, a new design method for airfoil of wind turbine was formed.
Introduction Wind turbine blades as the key components to gain wind, and the airfoil is the base of blade design, directly related to the aerodynamic performance and load ability of the blade, affects the working efficiency of the wind turbine.
By constructing the SBF model and neural rules of airfoil design, assemble the geometric parameters determination method of airfoil design which based on example reasoning, formed a new method on the design of wind wings. 1 The structure - behavior - function of airfoil representation model According to the structure - behavior - function (SBF) expression model of the product design, the product requirements for the overall design fitting for the function attribute sets Fun, the requirements that the overall product to airfoil technology matching to the behavior attribute sets Beh of airfoil design , the airfoil design results fitting for the structure property sets Str, equation (1) is the expression for SBF airfoil design model : Fun={CL, Cd, CM, …} (1) The elements in the collection are express aerodynamic performance of airfoil,include lift coefficient, drag coefficient and pitching moment coefficient in order.
According to the theory that influencing the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils [7], the factors which influencing airfoil’s aerodynamic characteristics is leading edge radius, maximum relative thickness, camber, etc, and the characteristic is not related to size of airfoil.
(4) With the airfoil chord length C which is given in the new design task as a scale factor, and transform the design parameters that not related to dimensions into the engineering design parameters

This kind of electrical properties is to enable Ag has long been of interest for use as a low-resistivity electrode material [11,12].
The results from our previous works show that Hf0.54Ta0.46O-based capacitor exhibits the excellent structures and electrical properties, such as (1)high dielectric constant and crystallization temperature. (3)excellent interfacial properties and thermal stabilities. (4)low frequency dispersion and leakage current density [17,18,19].
Results and Discussion C-V curves and dielectric properties.
I-V curves and dielectric properties Fig.3.
Conclusion In summary, the influence of three metal electrodes (Ag, Au, Pt) on the dielectric and electrical properties of HfTaO-based MOS capacitors were investigated.

Mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated through tensile and compressive strength, water absorption capacity and stability test in water.
However CMC has weak mechanical properties, so to overcome this limitation, it is necessary to add inorganic compounds such as clay, zeolite and silicate [10].
Furthermore, bentonite amounts on the composite physical properties as the N-P-K slow-release fertilizer were also studied.
Rajarajan, Native cellulose: Structure, characterization and thermal properties, Materials. 7 (2014) 6105-6119
Isa, Solid Polymer Electrolyte Production from 2- Hydroxyethyl Cellulose: Effect of Ammonium Nitrate Composition on its Structural Properties, Carbohydr.

Previous research studies investigated and reported the properties of 3D-printed epoxy resins as well as the physical properties of uncured epoxy resin [50-54].
The α-type alloys have excellent corrosion resistance but with low mechanical properties than the rest of the titanium alloys.
The β-type alloys, including Ti10.2.3, Ti555.3, and Ti17, are developed to improve the mechanical properties of the material.  
Kumar Koli et al. used an electrodeposition technique to create automotive/aerospace structural material with outstanding mechanical and physical properties [84].
Pronob, A Comparative Study of the Mechanical Properties of Clear and Pink Colored Denture Base Acrylic Resins.

This introduces a new dimension to metrology – in terms of higher effectiveness of measurements, higher credibility, a better understanding of the surface and new discoveries which help engineers create new materials with better properties and parameters [3].
Sq has similar properties to parameter Sa, however, it is more susceptible to single elevations and cavities.
Sp and Sv characterise load-carrying properties and accumulation of a lubricant.
Parameter Sz is a measure of average roughness and is applied where single elevations of surface do not affect the interacting materials.
All parameters selected for the analysis exhibit an impact on the operational properties of the surface and on the possibility of independent control during the surface shaping process.