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The crumb grain of the loaves was assessed using a digital image analysis system (Crowley,Grau,&Arendt, 2000).
The crumb grain features chosen were number of cells.
Table 1 Effect of MBG on the bread quality parameters Control MBG Specific volume (cm3/g) 3.31±0.19a 4.07±0.23b Number of cells 430±21a 501±19b Moisture content ( % ) 38.12±0.14a 41.5±0.22b Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p < 0.05).

The simple shear testing of sheet metals is not yet standardised and can be implemented in a number of ways.
The number of correlated points and the standard deviation of the mean is given.
An ODF is a function which describes the volume fraction of grains with a crystallographic orientation in the range g±dg (see Eqn. 2 (a)).
Two Taylor type crystal plasticity models are currently implemented in HMS: (i) a classic full constraints Taylor model, referred to here as FC Taylor, implemented as described in [23], and (ii) an extended Taylor-type model incorporating grain interactions and morphology effects, referred to as ALAMEL and presented in [24].

INTRODUCTION The study of the soil as a corrosive environment is necessary due to the large number of buried pipelines; their deterioration can represent a real economical and environmental problem through the years.
The X52 steel microstructure consisted of fine pearlite and ferrite with a grain size around 10–20 μ as is shown in Fig. 1.
Low carbon steels tend to have a ferrite–pearlite structure containing little pearlite in the grain boundaries mainly.
It was concluded that the number of ions present in the soil composition is a key factor for the determination of the corrosivity of the soils.

There are a number of tools available for inclusion measurement based on different principles.
Metallographic Techniques There are a number of techniques based around metallographic principles.
The test consists of casting one or more plates, which are fractured at the notches to provide a number of fracture surfaces.
Conclusion There are a number of techniques used for inclusion detection in molten aluminium.
[30] Pedneau, N. and Pekguleryuz, M.O. (1997) Equiaxed-grain size analysis in the mushy zone during solidification via an in-situ method based on the electrical sensing zone principle.

In modern analytical investigations which deal with the interaction between titanium and gaseous media, the effects of external parameters (time, temperature, pressure) and internal ones (defects, grain boundaries) are explained differently.
Additional effects upon the gaseous saturation are forced by chemical reactions which take place on the defects of the lattice, on the dislocations and on the grain boundaries.
With respect to the high-temperature interaction between titanium and gaseous media, a number of experimental data reveal that, under special conditions of rarefaction, a new phase is formed on the titanium surface simply by long isothermal exposures [9].
In a number of cases of diffusion saturation of bulky metallic objects by a gaseous impurity, the diffusion zone is appreciably smaller than the thickness of the object.

Macroscopically speaking, AVR is classified as leucocrat, with phaneritic texture of medium to coarse-grain.
SPI is classified as fine grained, non-porfiroid, with two micas but dominantly biotitic, with homogeneous grey/bluish colour [26, 28].
Chosen mesh had a total number of elements of 93,000.
The major limiting factors found in this work for the finite element model are: the computational power required for solving large models with high number of elements (93,000); the assumptions concerning stone heterogeneities (granites were assumed as homogenous and isotropic) that might limit model applicability; the assumptions regarding the use of a linear elastic model which present limitations after the initiation of non-linear behaviour of the materials involved.

Optimization of the grain composition is one of the most widely used methods for modifying the concrete matrix and achieving improved performance characteristics of concretes for various functional purposes [4–7].
The efficiency of reduction of the particle size of the raw material during grinding depends on a number of variables, including the type of mill, the number of revolutions of the mill, the size of the grinding bodies, the volume of the mill filling, the size distribution, the grinding mode (wet or dry), and the hardness of the material [8–11].
Mitrokhin, Fine-grain concrete from mining waste for monolithic construction, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 327(3) (2018) 032028

A number of theoretical investigations [4-8] have been carried out in the field of fracture mechanics by considering the fractal nature of materials.
In more detail, a finer grained and comparatively ordered material (for example, SF 50 steel in comparison with SCMn 2A steel) presents a lower value of the threshold size TD (as a matter of fact, 2TD < 1TD )
Obviously, the applicability of a self-similar fractal model is confined to the so-called mesoscopic scale range of the material, defined by an upper limit, corresponding to the geometrical sizes of the cracked body, and a lower limit, related to the microstructure of the medium (e.g. aggregate size for concrete, grain size for metals) [8].
Monofractal scaling law for fatigue crack growth The well-known Paris-Erdogan law [30] describes the kinetics of the crack propagation in the intermediate range of IK∆ : m IKC N a ∆= d d , (31) where C and m are material constants, N is the number of fatigue cycles; dNda / and IK∆ are the crack propagation rate and the SIF range, respectively.

Results show the grain size of FePO4 particles sintered at 460℃ and 380℃ for 3h ranges from 10nm to 20nm, and the crystal structure is amorphous.
The discharge capacities versus cycle number curves of FePO4 cathode material sintered at different temperatures(380℃, 460℃, 550℃, and 650℃) in the range of 2.0- 4.2V at 0.1Cand 0.3C are displayed in Fig.5 (b).
(b) Variation of discharge capacities versus cycle number of FePO4 samples sintered at different temperatures at 0.1C and 0.3C.

In their study, two FDM parameters were taken into account, namely, the building direction and the number of contours.
Due to the large number of printing parameters involved in FFF, optimizing the printing parameters for all viable materials using experimental methods would be challenging.
The pseudo grains are comprised of fibres aligned in the same direction.
Illustration of pseudo-grain material modelling for short fibre-reinforced composites Design of the structural models.
This can be attributed to a reduction in the overall number of layers required to build the part, thus less occurrence of thermal gradients between layers.