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For stability reasons the scale factor α is typically set to a value of 0.9 (default) or some smaller value.
Then, in the mechanical energy balance, it appears an hourglass energy that is linked to the hourglass resisting forces against formation of hourglass modes.
Because the vibration for underground structures is affected greatly by the excited direction of seismic wave, three cases are considered in results analysis: seismic wave excites in X-axis direction, Y-axis direction and Z-axis direction (in Fig.1).
Conclusion It is insured that the harmonious units are used in this analysis when defining material parameters, because wrong units would affect the response and contact stiffness of the materials.
Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 20, No. 4 (1995), p.463 [3] Yan Songhong, Gao Bo and Pan Changshi: Dynamic Property Analysis on Joint for Submerged Tunnel Under Earthquake.

The magnetic properties were measured by a Permagraph-L magnetometer with external field up to 2000 kA/m.
It clearly be seen that the microstructure is affected by the substitution.
SEM images of BaFe12−2xTixMnxO19: (a) x = 0.0 and (b) x = 0.8 Magnetic Properties The effect of Ti2+–Mn4+ content on magnetic properties for all examined samples is shown in Fig. 3.
Magnetic properties of BaFe(12−2x)TixMnxO19: (a) M-H loops, (b) Ms, Mr and Hci vs. composition (x).
Table 2 represents the variation of magnetic properties with substitution.

Their physical and magnetic properties were studied using XRD, EDX, AFM and VSM techniques.
The usefulness of ferrites is influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the materials and depends on many factors including the methods of preparation.
Nano-structured materials are now being studied intensively due to their novel physicochemical properties [3].
In addition, NiZnCu ferrites have better properties at higher frequencies than MnZn ferrite and the lower densification temperatures than NiZn ferrites.
The distribution of cations in A- and B-sites exerts a basic influence on magnetic properties.

This model is suitable for modeling cases with high strain, strain rate, strain hardening, and non-linear material properties, which represents the main numerical challenges when modeling metal cutting.
Moreover, predicted results such as cutting force, RS and cutting temperature might be affected by different parameters used in chip separation criterions.
The temperature increment associated with the heat generation may be expressed by p pl C ff T ρ εσ ∂⋅⋅⋅ =∆ 21 (1) Where T∆ is temperature increment, 1f is the work-heat convection factor, 2f is the conversion efficiency factor.
In addition, rolling process which produces a major mechanical deformation is more likely to generate compressive stress, while heat effect might result in tensile stress.
Hakem: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 212 (1998) (5), p. 331-341

Introduction Diamond circular saw blade is widely used in the processing of metal and non-metal brittle materials in mechanical and construction industries, such as the applications in the natural stone sawing processing, high-speed pavement expansion joint cutting, cement and asphalt concrete pavement maintenance and other aspects.
More importantly, the deformation of the saw blade dramatically affects the processing stability and quality, and accelerates the wear of diamond tools.
Zhang [11] analyzed the reliability of the diamond saw blades based on ANSYS using Monte Carlo method, and found the cutting force along the cutting direction had the maximum impact on the dangerous part of the diamond saw blade, the second factor was the diameter of the blade.
Bin Zeng [15] put forward an innovative 51CrV4 as a novel welded saw blade steel to improve the properties of the existing saw blade steel.
As a result, the working process of saw blade actually contains a complex periodic dynamic load, thermal stress, fluid power (air flow, cooling fluid flow, chips flow) and the heat transfer, the failure of the saw blade is the result of the time effect accumulation of dynamic factors, specifically, the stress and deformation are essentially the result of repeated loading.

Optical Properties 2.1.2.
Electronic Properties 2.2.
In this method, the main reason of alteration in different thermal, mechanical and other properties is due to increase in surface to volume ratio.
Oxide nanomaterials can lead to advanced ceramics that exhibit superior corrosion/oxidation resistance, mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical, or magnetic properties.
But the higher density of transistors increases the problem of heat generation, thus affecting the functioning of the devices.

The efficiency of this process is directly determined by the physicochemical properties of the anode surface.
Recently, ultrasonic irradiation has been used for modifying the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of many materials.
Therefore, in this work we attempt to employ ultrasonic irradiation to modify the surface properties of carbon cloth anode.
The electron transfer properties of the anodes before and after treatments were also evaluated by cyclic voltammetry.
The anode is a crucial factor determining the bioelectrical properties of MFCs, since it directly affects the electron transfer efficiency and biofilm formation.

The design and fabrication were cost-efficient and engineered to not affect the continuous flexing of the soft fingers, addressing key challenges grasping with precision and efficiency.
In pneumatically controlled systems, the geometry of internal and external elements plays a crucial role, influencing factors such as shape, material composition, width, and air pressure source.
Mechanical System.
ABS and TPU were chosen for their respective properties and adaptability to 3D printing.
The force sensor detects mechanical stress when applied.

A sensing polymer must also have a number of desirable physical properties.
The other factors which are observed to affect the photosensitivity are: concentration of the dye, dye aggregation, presence of the moisture in solid polymer electrolyte etc.
The sun light harvesting, photocurrent generation, and charge carrier transport are the important factors for improving the solar cell conversion efficiency.
CPs are semiconductor, while retaining the mechanical properties of conventional polymers.
Conclusions Dye doped conducting polymers have enhance optical properties and electrochemical properties.

Grinding agents influence essentially: - transfer of normal and tangential forces in ground stock in the way that enables a process of beating Al flakes into a required form and dimensions that results in tearing the flakes into smaller pieces within a defined range of sizes; - effective separation of the forming Al flakes that prevents the retroactive aggregation of the flakes into larger groups; - defined removal of surface electric charges from the volume of milling load that determines both the surface reactivity and the safety of production; - bulk material properties as well as dispersion characteristics of Al powders which have the greatest impact on processability of these materials.
In evaluating the pigments, the opacity properties of these materials are very often the key quality factor.
As these properties depend especially on the ability to cover as much bottom surface as possible by unit weight of the pigment, the fineness and lamellar shape of the pigment particles with smallest possible thickness are demanded at first.
The "mirror" tests of the covering properties of pigments in the form of hiding power test consists of measuring of a water surface that is covered by defined amount of pigment that skims over the surface [2].
This fact suggests that it is possible to optimize the kinetics of normal forces of the grinding beads which affect the Al particles in ground stocks by means of changing turns.