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The top and bottom grains of the pair both enjoy relaxations (i.e. deviations from homogeneous strain which allow a reduction of slip activity) of the type l13 and l23, but in a coupled way: the relaxation of the top grain is opposite to that of the bottom grain.
It is seen that for cold rolling of AA1200 (commercially pure aluminium) the results for FC are not so bad up to 63 % thickness reduction, but for higher reductions, the models that take the stress interactions between neighbouring grains into account (CPFEM, LAMEL, GIA, ALAMEL) clearly lead to the best results.
Table 1: Normalised texture index of difference ODFs for AA1200 (ratio between texture index of difference ODF to texture index of experimental texture) Reduction 40% 63% 86% 95% 98% FC 0.208 0.584 0.636 0.272 0.388 CPFEM 0.162 0.376 0.359 0.215 0.273 VPSC 0.429 0.824 0.501 0.409 0.465 GIA 0.208 0.355 0.257 0.190 0.253 LAMEL 0.344 0.653 0.346 0.183 0.196 ALAMEL 0.189 0.433 0.306 0.156 0.171 Iexper 2.59 2.45 4.51 6.87 9.23 FC= FC Taylor theory; CPFEM Kalidindi et al. [6]); VPSC: Visco-Plastic Self-Consistent Model (Lebensohn et al.[4]); GIA: Grain Interaction Model (Crumbach et al. [17]); Iexper : texture index of experimental texture.
The microscopic model uses these data to simulate the development of individual features of the dislocation substructures, such as dislocation sheets.

However, lack in durability data requires more study should be conducted especially focusing on microstructural behavior.
The reduction in band intensity is due to the addition of NaOH as well as the increase in the amount of tetrahedrally-positioned Al atoms in the geopolymer matrix [13, 14].
The wavelength which is shifted to lower wavelength can be explained by the reduction in intensity that will eventually decreases the length of chain of Si-O-T.
Shifted wavelengths to lower wavenumbers can be explained by the reduction in intensity that eventually decreases the length of Si-O-T chain, and thus stops aluminosilicate gel formation.
These causes are accountable for the compressive strength reduction obtained in normal cementitious materials.

Introduction Traditional Machining Separator Surface active agent Anti-rust agent E.P.aditive(Cl, P, S) Reclamation Machining with Water (Electric Rust Preventive Machining Method) Waste fluid Ash Coagulative Precipiation Sluge Oil Release Incineration Dilution Water Refine Recycle System Washing Compensation Tap Water *High Cost Fluid(oil) *Dangerous for Worker’s Health CO2 Huge Disposal Cost *Low Cost & Harmless(Water) *Low Operation Cost Heavy Environmental Load *Need Remove Oil from Workpiece for Next Process *Waste fluid is only water *CO2 reduction *Total cost reduction *Human & Eco Friendly Fig.1 Comparison with traditional machining and electric rust priventive machining Recently, environmental issue is concerned in manufacture.
Therefore, machining fluid reduction or non-use have been tried [4].
In this paper, particularly, expounds feasibility of water using and re-using for reduction of impurities and deionization with utilizing the water machining system anywhere in world.
Yamanaka: Cutting fluid and Grinding fluid (Saiwaishobo Co.Ltd., Japan 1982), p.244-264 [3] TECHNICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Japan Society for the Promotion of Machine Industry: Material Processing Data File Text Vol:15 (Grinding) (TECHNICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Japan Society for the Promotion of Machine Industry, Japan 2002), p.32-33 [4] N.

The data quoted in Fig. 6a also show synergist effect of these two factors.
UHMWPE BZ A B C 1 A1 B1 C1 2 A2 B2 C2 b vV 1.000 1.032 1.046 1.087 0.910 0.943 0.958 0.995 0.899 0.909 0.933 0.952 a vV 1.000 1.042 1.047 1.062 0.873 0.887 0.916 0.932 0.817 0.816 0.843 0.846 bI 1.000 1.027 1.033 1.072 0.907 0.950 0.975 0.987 0.912 0.941 0.955 0.964 aI 1.000 1.051 1.063 1.089 0.915 0.928 0.979 1.005 0.870 0.891 0.941 0.953 bR 1.000 1.002 1.004 1.004 1.001 0.997 1.000 1.003 0.995 0.988 0.992 0.996 aR 1.000 0.997 0.995 0.992 0.985 0.985 0.978 0.975 0.979 0.971 0.964 0.961 Since as a result of the tribological process, a reduction of the VV parameter occurs as well as an increase in I, the consequence of these changes should be a reduction of size R of the free volume centers.
The advantageous changes of free volume centers that occur during the tribological process (reduction of VV and R, Fig. 6) are conducive to a large increase of the degree of spatial arrangement (Fig. 7).
The improvement of properties throughout the volume of the above-mentioned polymer variants is due to effective reduction of the global fraction and size of free volume centers in result of splitting of the centers and their closure induced by mutual approaching of structural elements under the conditions of friction.

The experimental data presented in Table 1 indicates that this additional annealing effectively restores the room temperature mechanical properties of the UFG Ti-55511 alloy to level corresponding to its initial state (ARP).
Additionally, the nucleation of new grains at grain boundaries may contribute to a reduction in the size of the larger grains appeared after compression.
The studies conducted in this work demonstrate that additional annealing of UFG Ti-55511 alloy samples at a temperature of 723 K, following compression, leads to a notable reduction in the volume fraction of the β-phase, the formation of new small grains with sizes under 0.1 μm, and the refinement of larger grains exceeding 0.6 μm.
Results indicate that compressing the alloy at a strain rate of about 10-2 s-1 and a temperature of 823 K (0.42 Tm) leads to only minimal growth of grain-subgrain structure elements, along with a slight reduction in ultimate strength compared to the initial state after all-round pressing.
This improvement is likely attributed to a significant reduction in the volume fraction of the β-phase, the formation of new, small grains measuring less than 0.1 μm, and the refinement of relatively larger grains exceeding 0.6 μm during the annealing process.

Substitution of the experimental test by Finite Element FE simulations, achieves both a reduction in the time and cost involved and permits design planning.
Fig. 3: Influence of the tool and cutting parameter on the specific cutting force kc It is clear that there is a reduction in the specific cutting force with increasing cutting depth and at higher cutting angles.
Turning off the pumps for the coolant equipment results in a reduction of 1.5 kW in the machine power required.
However this is accompanied by a drastic reduction in tool life.
The machine data must be included in the overall balance for the process.

Fuzzification is a process to transform the non-fuzzy values like crisp data from the physical measurement into a fuzzy linguistic range, i.e.
The reduction in spacing is due to the reduction of ripple current.
The reduction in spacing is due to the reduction of ripple current.

A slight reduction in weight of around 7 wt % was observed from 25 to 150 °C, which can be explained due to the moisture elimination of the raw RH and RH film [24–26].
As shown in Fig. 4b, the DTG curve exhibits a sharp peak starting at 215 oC and reaching its maximum at 350 oC due to the significant weight reduction of hemicellulose and cellulose.
Fig.5 illustrates a reduction in moisture content and water absorption of WH film as the processing time increases from 4 to 24 mins.
This reduction was attributed to the gradual release of lignin from the WH fibers under pressing pressure and heat.
Author contributions: Dinh Hung Le: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Editing; Thanh Trung Nguyen: Methodology, Formal analysis; Minh Khanh Hao Phung: Data analysis, Writing; Vu Viet Linh Nguyen: Idea, Supervise, Reviewing, Editing.

It was found that reduction of the cloud point and the precipitation point of HPMC also depended on both concentration and type of cations and anions of inorganic salts.
The data show that the values of separation ratio are dependent on sodium alginate concentration and separation time.

In order to analyze the improvement on the accuracy of finding the near best solution and the reduction in the computational cost, three well-known and commonly used test functions in the field of swarm intelligence for testing the accuracy and the performance of the algorithm, are used in the experiments.
Tsai: A Reversible Data Embedding Scheme Based on Hash Functions for VQ Index Tables.