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Modigell2,b 1,2Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Turmstr. 46, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
The yield stress of a suspension can be described as a function of the structural properties.
The loss angle δ = arctan (G'/G'') describes the relation of viscous and elastic properties in the material.
This showed that the material alters from viscous to more elastic during the initial seconds, then the relation of the viscous (G'') and elastic (G') properties becomes constant.
These investigations show that the shear rate applied to semi-solid metal alloys is crucial for their yield stress and therefore for their flow properties.

Introduction Since few decades, oxides like conductors, insulators or semiconductors may draw huge attentions due to their interesting electrical, optical and mechanical properties.
Considering the above all properties, 22Na source is the most suitable positron (b+) source for the positron annihilation experiments.
Each polymorph possesses different crystal structures as well as different electrical, optical and mechanical properties.
It gives very precise information about the chemical, structural and magnetic properties of a material.
These are the two factors limiting the number of isotopes that can be used successfully for Mössbauer spectroscopy.

In every country, energy is one of the significant factors for the economic development and plays as the important role in economic activities [7].
In particular German mechanical engineering products, vehicles, and chemicals are highly valued internationally.
This indicates that economic growth is one of the important factors to determine the progress of FDI in Germany.
Moreover, the high-skilled labor force yielding the good productivity is one of vital factors for Germany that many foreign investors make a decision as the investment location.
FDI is as one of the driven factors of economy in Germany.

Heavy metal ions can be introduced into the body and accumulated inside it through the consumption of contaminated foods, seriously affecting human health [3, 4].
The average crystallite size of nCDHA samples was calculated by the Scherrer formula: where d is the crystallite size (nm); k is the dimensional factor taken as 0.89; l is the X-ray wavelength (0.154 nm); b is the half-width at half-maximum intensity (in radians); q is the Bragg angle (in degrees). 2.4.
The experiments were conducted using the batch technique by adding 0.1 g of nCDHA into a series of 150 mL conical flask containing 50 mL solution with different concentrations of heavy metal ions and were shaken in a mechanical shaker for 2 hours at room temperature.
The Freundlich model is an empirical equation, which describes a multi-site adsorption on energetically heterogeneous surfaces as follows: where KF and n are Freundlich constants, corresponding to maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g) and the heterogeneity factor, respectively.
Isabel, Overall Aspects of Non-Traditional Glasses: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Bentham Science Publishers, 2016

The main properties of the tested fuels (density, kinematic viscosity, oxidation stability, acid value, peroxide number, coke content, water content and cetane number) have been determined.
One is to convert vegetable oil in a product with similar properties to diesel fuel (oil changes chemical structure).
The main properties of the tested fuels have been determined and are presented in Table 1.
Viscosity affects the engine system supply and the fuel spraying process into the combustion chamber.
The determination of the chemical and physical properties of the bio-fuels has been achieved in order to notice their significant differences relative to the diesel fuel.

A Study on Coldflame Propagation Characteristics Applying Amplified Ignition Source to Overcome Landfill Gas’s Flame Retardant Limit Kyungjin Ryu1,a and Munseok Choe2,b* 1Department of Smart E-Automobile, Yeungnam University College, Daegu 42415, Korea 2Department of Mechanical Vehicles, Chungbuk Provincial University, Okchen, Chungbuk 29046, Korea aangelus999@ync.ac.kr , bcms0290@cpu.ac.kr Keywords: Land fill gas, Amplified ignition source, Coldflame, Spark ignition engine, Flame retardance Abstract.
As the flame propagation occurs, it forms a flame surface and affects the surrounding mixed gas, generating additional energy such as combustion pressure and light.
In order not to affect the experimental results, the external temperature and the temperature of the injected gas were all set identically, and the compression pressure was kept at 3 bar in the experiment.
Figure 3 Schematic diagram of CVCC Table 1 Experimental conditions in the CVCC Properties Specifications Compressed pressure 3bar Initial temperature Air : 300K, CH4 : 300K, CO2 : 300K Well temperature 350K A/F Ratio 0.8~1.8(from 0.1 unit) Plug type Conventional type plug(C-type), AIS plug(AIS) Conventional energy 0.4J AIS energy 2.03J Table 2 Gas proportion according to each LFG Fuel name Gas proportion (CH4:CO2) LFG70 7 : 3 LFG60 6 : 4 LFG50 5 : 5 LFG40 4 : 6 Results and Discussion 3.1.
Scheutz, Measuring methane emissions from a UK landfill using the tracer dispersion method and the influence of operational and environmental factors, Waste Management, 87 (2019) pp. 870-882

In other words, flow behavior is heavily affected by the intensity and orientation of the applied magnetic field.
Ravi Chandra Babu et al. (29) have investigated the MHD chemically reacting and radiating nanofluid over a vertical cone embedded in a porous medium with variable properties.
Under Boussinesq approximation, the governing boundary layer equations in terms of similarity variable can be expressed as (ref (31)) Fig.1: Physical interpretation of the problem (1) (2) (3) (4) Where and The corresponding boundary conditions are (5) Table: 1 Thermophysical properties of water and Cu nanoparticles.
Al-Lawatia, Heat transfer in micro polar fluid along an inclined permeable plate with variable fluid properties, Int.
Jayalakshmi, MHD chemically reacting and radiating nanofluid over a vertical cone embedded in a porous medium with variable properties.

Introduction Compression ignition (CI) engines are excellent choices for agricultural machinery and transportation equipment in account of their high thermal efficiency and mechanical strength in applicants industry.
In addition to having comparable heat capacity, higher cetane number, and oxygen content, biodiesel improves the ignition properties as well as reduces emissions like the PM, carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Table 2 Physical and chemical properties of Diesel and spirulina biodiesel blends.
This affects the distribution of local fuel equivalents in the engine cylinder.
This results in less heat being released during the premix combustion stage, as well as a lower combustion temperature as a result of these factors.

The current by drift process can take place by three main mechanisms: thermionic emission of carrier across the schottky barrier, thermionic field emission, quantum mechanical tunneling through the barrier.
The quantum mechanical tunneling through the barrier takes into account the wave nature of the electron allowing them to penetrate through thin barrier.
The other factor which affects the design of the schottky diode performance is epi layer thickness, metal contact work function.
Structure of GaN Schottky diode [23] Table 1 Important parameter used in simulation at (300K) [23] Material Property Value GaN Relative Permittivity 8.9 Energy band gap 3.45[ev] Electron affinity 3.3 Saturation velocity 1.5×107 Electron mobility 1000[cm 2v/s] Platinum Schottky contact Work function 5.6[ev] Barrier height 1.2[ev] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 V(volt) I(A) n=1e12cm-3 n=1e14cm-3 n=1e15cm-3 Fig. 2 Forward I-V characteristics 0 500 1000 1500 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 V(volt) I(A) n=1e16cm-3 n=1e17cm-3 n=1e18cm-3 Fig. 3 Forward I-V characteristics Results and Discussions The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor depends on the carrier concentration and their mobility and hence on the concentration of impurities

Metal selenide semiconductor nanocrystals, or nanoparticles are receiving remarkable research attention because of their size-dependent optical and electrical properties [18].
Among the many metal selenide known, gallium selenide which is a member of III–VI group has a number of interesting properties for electrical and nonlinear optical applications [19,20].
Usually, the nature of the interaction between the conduction and valence bands as well as the size of the band gap determines the optical properties of semiconducting nanocrystals.
The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is a tool currently being used to solve processing and material problems in a wide range of technologies affecting the electronics, telecommunications, biological, chemical, automotive, aerospace, and energy industries.
Pizani, GaSe formation by mechanical alloying Ga50Se50 mixture.