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The transfer of these cracks from one layer to the next one is delayed to a higher number of cycles [6-8, 10].
Hockey, Crack-Interface Grain Bridging as a Fracture Resistance Mechanism in Ceramics: I, Experimental Study on Alumina, Journal of the American Ceramic Society Vol. 70 No. 4 (1987) 279-289
Lawn, Crack-Interface Grain Bridging as a Fracture Resistance Mechanism in Ceramics: II, Theoretical Fracture Mechanics Model, Journal of the American Ceramic Society Vol. 70 No. 4 (1987) 289-294

The growth direction of the grain will change when it is near the center of the weld, which limits the growth of the grain and refines the structure.
Therefore, it is speculated that in the two-beam laser welding high-strength steel/aluminum alloy, If the weld joint intermetallic compound layer has many needle-like structures, its mechanical properties are inferior to those of the intermetallic compound layer welded joints having a large number of tongue-like structures.

It has a lower content of carbon (0.03% max. for type 304L grade and 0.08% for type 304 grade) to reduce a sensitized zone due to carbide precipitation at the grain boundaries during the welding process [3, 4].
The presence of heat tint has affected their corrosion resistance by microsegregation, precipitation of secondary phases, formation of unmixed zones, recrystallization, and grain growth in the weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) [13].
Tu, Finite element analysis of the effect of welding heat input and layer number on residual stress in repair welds for a stainless steel clad plate, Materials & design, 32 (2011) 2851-2857

The use of single crystals for research will allow us to exclude the grains boundaries’ effect on the MT and the inhomogeneous distribution of dispersed particles along the grain boundaries, as well as to establish its role in the formation of the functional properties SME and SE in single crystals of ferromagnetic FeNiCoAlX (X = Ta, Nb, Ti), NiFeGaCo alloys.
Critical stresses, transformation strain and stress hysteresis (Δσ = 17 MPa) do change with increasing the number of cycles from 2 to 10.

These large numbers are due to their ability to coordinate with different charges present in the molecular structure.
FTIR spectroscopic data were recorded using the Thermo Fisher Scientific–Nicolet iS5 spectrometer in the range of wave numbers 4000 to 400 cm-1.
The line width of the most intense peak is generally used to calculate the grain size.
The synthesized magnetite spinel nanoparticles show absorption bands at wave numbers 3440, 2960 (very weak), 2370 (for HPMC and PVA coated), 1660, 1430, 1060, and 605 cm-1, and many small absorption peaks in the wave number range 600–1660 cm-1.
Neel, Theorie du trainage magnetique des ferromagnetiques en grains fins avec applications aux terres cuites, Ann.

The stated is evidenced by the large number of studies carried out in the framework of such models, both in our country and abroad.
Studies, performed based on the phenomenological approach, facilitate obtaining valid and reliable results for a large number of materials (usually – quite homogeneous structure).
As shown in the introduction, the vast number of existing approaches to the analysis stress-strain state of masonry is based on a limited list of three types of destruction mechanisms (see Ref. [2]).
It is shown that in the process of deep plastic strain occurs not only the change of structurally homogeneous "grains" that make up the composite, but also (most importantly!)
the change of the properties of boundaries between the "grains" of composite material, i.e. change of interface elements.

Equal and well-aimed heating and cooling along the length and across the width provide the strips with the metallurgical properties with regard to hardness and grain size.
The cooling capacity, homogenous cooling across the width and along the length of the strip, the minimum thermal stresses in the strip as well as the high strip flatness are achieved via the special design as well as arrangement and number of spraying headers and nozzles.

The most relevant characteristics for these applications are a good thermal insulation by a low thermal conductivity based on an optimal density and a well-engineered porosity (large number of pores with dimensions below 1 micron) and high mechanical stability that is maintained on heating, since the mineral xonotlite converts at high temperature into wollastonite and this process hardly involves any dimensional change due to a high resemblance in crystal structure.
A: Big grain with a C-S-H gel composition given by the red spectrum; B: Small grain with a C-S-H gel composition given by the black spectrum Fig. 5.

Several innovations had to be made for treating a large number of poles at once.
Also special types of cutters, including carbide tipped ones, were to be designed for special type of operations like for rotary machines, dovetail joints, finger joints, cutting along the grain and across the grain of wood etc.

This furnace system has the clear advantage as well that very high heating rates are possible because only a small number of parts are inside the furnace at any one time and heat up rates are therefore very fast.
These precipitates form rapidly and densely within the aluminum grains, as very fine, thermally stable laths.
This rapid age hardening behavior at 220ºC and the advantageous change to the work hardening rate was found to arise due to the dominance of Q¢ precipitates (Al5Cu2Mg8Si6) within the aluminium grains [4,5].