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During ion radiation, the damage changes the number of these negative ion groups via dissociation and topographical rearrangement on the surface.
Therefore, transferring of large DNA fragments, or gene groups, or even the whole genome is a direction for future research. 2.3 Main crop breeding by ion beam bioengineering As a compound mutagen, the multiple combinations of implanted ion energy, ion species, charge number, and particle number lead to plentiful and diverse biological effects.
In Anhui Province, planting areas of the new crop varieties have expanded to over 2.36 million hectares and grain output has increased by more than 0.8 million tons in 2004.
The leaf number and leaf area of opposite maize increase by almost a factor of two compared to that in other plants, but the mean leaf area of the opposite plant is lower than that of the original.
Updated practical achievements in crop breeding are presented with a number of examples.

In order to determine the properties of such systems coarse-grained models of confined polymers were designed where macromolecules were represented by united atoms.
Models on Lattices with Low Coordination Number The model chains were embedded to a simple cubic lattice which means that polymer segments were limited to the set of vectors of the type (±1, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0) and (0, 0, ±1), i.e. for the lattice with the coordination number ζ = 6 [5].
The model chains were constructed of the vectors of the type [1, 1, 1], i.e. the coordination number of the lattice was ζ = 4.
For chains with the non-zero local potential the increase of the number of helical states is considerably higher.
Thus, finite size effects are connected to the number of monomers in a blob and to the length of chain.

(14) With the help of Eq. (8) and Eq. (14), we may write Eq. (7) as: Q/N = λ. k Tm , (15) where N is Avogadro's number and k is Boltzmann's constant.
Most commonly observed deviations arise when the diffusion takes place mainly via dislocations and the grain boundaries [27-29].
In Fig.12, self-diffusion data for a number of bcc metals are plotted as a function of homologous temperature. β-Zr and β-Ti are located in between β-Pr and ε-Pu on the upper side and Nb, V and Cr on the lower side.
In Fundamentals of Grain and Interface Boundary Diffusion, Zieggler Press, Stuttgart, (1988) [29] L.G.

The coefficients k and n are determined from the experimental data The statistical parameters are defined as Eq. 4 and Eq. 5: R2=1-i=1Nweqexp,i- weqcal,i2i=1Nweqexp,i- weqcal,i2 (4) E(%)=100Ni=1Nweqexp,i- weqcal,iweqexp,i (5) With, weqexp,i  : experimental equilibrium water content (kg/kg d.b), weqcal,i : predicted equilibrium water content (kg/kg d.b), weqcal,i : predicted average water content, N: Number of experimental points.
Table 2: Size distributions of soil Grain Reference sample % of gravels (Ф>2 mm) % of sand (2>Ф>0.02 mm) % of silt (0.02>Ф>0.002 mm) % of clay (Ф<0.002 mm) Echlat 3.2 60.4 15.2 21.2 Fig. 7.
Grain size curve Clays give the soil a water absorption capacity (called activity) which can lead to shrinkage/swelling phenomena and play an important role in the plasticity and cohesion of the soil.
In addition, small pore sizes are favorable for capillary condensation and concrete, with the largest number of small connected pores showing a higher adsorption capacity at very high humidity than other composites [10,26].

Government requirements on safety have compelled manufacturers to carry out considerable number of crash tests to validate the safety of their cars [67].
The Association specialises in carrying out crash testing for a number of motor manufacturers such as Ford and BMW.
Specimens were manufactured parallel to the grain structure.
The author recommends that the line with the best correlation should be selected from a number of lines generated from a range of static yield stress values.

The number of counts that correspond to a time t between events in detectors i and j can be written , where is the angle between detectors i and j, is the number of true coincidences at angle and time t, and is the number of accidental coincidences.
The number of true coincidences is given by , where N0,ij is the number of counts at t = 0 and is the mean lifetime of the intermediate nuclear state (the PAC level).
The estimate for Tf is found by solving for the temperature at which is equal to the average grain size in a sample.
The ratio of site fractions of probes in sites B and A, fB/fA, is related to the concentrations by where NB is the number of B-sites per unit cell and NA is the number of A sites.
Note that zt = zdz where z is the coordination number of the probe site.

Probability of appearance of cold cracks according to Ito and Bessyo formula [12] Plate number PC, [%] PW, [%] PCM, [%] H2 ml/100[g] Preheating temperature [ºC] Affinity condition Remark Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 0.336 0.327 0.276 3 151 0.25 < PC < 0.5 Prone Table 7.
Probability of appearance of cold cracks according to Prochazka's formula [13] Plate number PhP PCM [%] H2 [ml/100g] Preheating temperature [ºC] Affinity condition Remark Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 0.287 0.276 3 151 PhP > 0.24 Prone Table 8.
This implies scheduled number of technological operations in order to prepare the plates for the welding procedure.
From the presented results follow that the quantity of the input heat during the welding primarily depends on the plates thicknesses and number of passes, what should be kept in mind in the real practice welding of this steel.
Bokůvka, Structure and mechanical properties of fine-grained steels, Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 41(2) (2013) 111-115

Fine deposition of sub-micron sized In2O3 particles over large grain spherical particles of TiO2 can be seen.
In2O3 crystallites, although were adhered to large grain TiO2 plates, no evidence of attached growth of In2O3 was discernable.
Since, composite materials absorb less number of photons in comparison of one component pure oxide materials; the photo activity may be reduced.
A number of researchers have shown earlier that mixing different semiconductors with appropriate energy levels can produce a more efficient photo catalyst owing to better separation of e- and h+.
Photo catalyst: While a number of photocatalyst can be used in principle for initiating the photocatalytic processes, titanium dioxide and its variants stood out robustly as the most widely used photo catalyst.

Protonation of LiNbO3 crystals is accompanied by considerable decrease of Li and Nb bands in mass-spectra of secondary ions as well as by essential increase in the number of bands of other mass-lines [1].
It is necessary to consider possible reasons of the existence of a number of metastable phases in LlNbO3-HNbO3 system, which are related with the observed instability of the modified layer optical characteristics [22].
Neutron diffraction analysis carried out in [27] demonstrates sufficient background growth when powdered LiNbO3 is subjected to protonation in C6H5COOH alloy at 240oC for 2h; this growth being caused by non-coherent scattering of thermal neutrons on nuclei 1H (Table 3); width growth of structural Bragg reflexes is observed on protonated LiNbO3 neutron diagrams and is best displayed in (102) and (113) reflections; it is related to mechanical stresses that have appeared in grain thin layer (Fig.2).
Further growth of H+ concentration provides eightfold hydrogen finding of XOn groups, binding of chains by different number of O-H...O being realized in each local region of a crystal.
It is necessary to associate mechanical stresses appearing in modified layers on LiHbO3 and LiTaO3 with the number of hydrogen-bonded centers [23, 24, 27].

So, in order to decrease the variation of the number of service due to the change of requirements, every service should be effectively reused.
To overcome it, every service must have an ability of flexibility, or the number of service will be increased unexpectedly.
These two points will directly bring out the huge increase of the number of service and system complexity.
Furthermore, data should be transferred on the network by coarse-grained manner for reducing cost of repeated transmission.
Document Number WFMC-TC-1025, 2001