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It also states that the core of RMSs are reconfigurable machines, whose structure should comprise of basic / essential modules and auxiliary modules along with the open architecture software. [3] notes that a RMS attains different states at different times that are suited for the particular needs that exist, instead of being in one static state that has been designed for the worst or average use-case (as with traditional manufacturing systems). [9], [7] and [1] state that reconfigurability means the ability to adapt the system rapidly in response to changing needs and opportunities. [10] notes that reconfigurability is the ability of a system to repeatedly change and reorient its components easily and cost effectively to achieve the variety of objectives. [11] notes that reconfiguration is the ability to modify the number of resources, capabilities (physical configuration or hardware) and organization (logical aspect of the configuration or software) to meet the needs of production.
· measurement by efficiency / effectiveness: [3] relates the efficiency of a reconfigurable system to that of an equivalent collection of dedicated systems, defining (for measurement) the functional efficiency as the ratio of the functional capability (output) to resources (input) and the relative functional efficiency ratio as the ratio of functional efficiency of the reconfigurable system to the functional efficiency of dedicated system set(s); an interesting indicator also proposed in this work is the relative degradability defined as the ratio of the rate of change of the expected capability of a reconfigurable system to that of a dedicated system. [1] notes that the effectiveness of any RMS can be best judged (and measured) by the number of part families which can be produced within this system after a suitable reconfiguration of the system
A number of models and implementations of reconfigurable (manufacturing) systems can be identified in scientific literature; however, the most advanced ones are still at a prototype or demonstrator level.
There are several approaches on measuring reconfigurability, for instance by assessing the modularity level, by employing various indices (e.g. core characteristics (such as scalability, convertibility or diagnosability), cost, operational capability, etc.) or by the number of distinct possible configurations of a system.
Svensson, Evolution in architectures and programming methodologies of coarse-grained reconfigurable computing, Microprocessors and Microsystems 33 (2009) 161-178 [50] R.Qiu, G.Tang, S.Joshi, A process-driven computing model for reconfigurable semiconductor manufacturing, Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 24 (2008) 709-721 [51] H.

Coal mining will cause some geological disasters, such as ground collapse, cracks and water accumulation, which will cause serious soil erosion, spatial variation of soil nutrients, and as a result, crop’s growth is affected, resulting in lower grain yields [4-8].
Stochastic simulation can generate a large number of implementations by using different types of data, each of which shows the same spatial pattern in different ways.
(1) Where is the semivariance at a given distance , and is number of pairs separated by distance , and is the value of the variable at the location.
(2) Where is the estimated value and is the number of known samples around sites to be evaluated, is the weight of each sample point.
Goovaerts, Impact of the simulation algorithm, magnitude of ergodic fluctuations and number of realizations on the spaces of uncertainty of flow properties, J.

With the increase of the composition number, the peak area moves to the third and fourth shells.
In the CP2K simulations, Double-zeta Gaussian basis sets were used to eliminate the core electrons and reduce the number of orbitals to be calculated.
With the increase of supercell size, the deviation of elemental concentrations decrease, as for the size of supercell is equal to 4 (unit in a), the number of atoms Al, Co, Cr, Fe and Ni are 26 26 26 25 25, respectively.
Lattice distortions parameter for the HEAs could be directly calculated from local lattice parameter as Eq. (4): δa=1001Ni=1N(ai-a)2a2 (4) N is the total atom number in the constructed supercell. ai is the local lattice parameter of ith atom and varies due to the lattice distortion in HEAs.
Qiao, Morphology Transition from Dendrites to Equiaxed Grains for AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloys by Copper Mold Casting and Bridgman Solidification, Metall.

The assigned peaks were in good agreement with the JCPDS file number [33].
The average grain size of the CNS/Co-MOF nanocomposites was approximately 90 nm with grain boundary separation of approximately 70 nm, which is consistent with typical morphological features of materials prepared using the solvothermal route [39].
Acknowledgements The authors extend their appreciation to the Fondecyt Postdoctoral Fellowship (ANID) and Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile for funding this work through Research Project under grant number 3250535.

Researchers like Gnananandarao et al; Alptekin and Hidayet; Elsaidy et al; Elsaidy, et al [13 -16] suggested that swelling pressure predictive models could also be developed based on investigations performed on a limited number of soils, but the draw of such model will the huge discrepancies between measured and predicted values with R2 of less than 0.6.
These models are proclaimed not to be universally valid for all types of expansive soils, due to a limited number of samples.
Geotechnical soil properties Soil designation Soil A Soil B Soil C Sampling depth (m) 0.0-1.2 0.0-1.2 0.0-1.2 Specific gravity Gs 2.67 2.72 2.70 GSA Sand 7.98 4.4.48 7.68 Silt 20.57 10.21 12.15 Clay 71.45 85.31 80.17 D10 - 0.0008 0.0053 D30 0.003 0.002 0.018 D60 0.01 0.018 0.045 Cu - 1.63 8.49 Cc 0.0009 0.038 1.36 Linear shrinkage(%) LS 18.19 22.13 16.42 Atterberg limit (%) LL 59.18 69.11 65.23 PL 28.47 25.18 27.12 PI 35.71 43.93 38.11 GSA= Grain size analysis **Cu= Coefficient of uniformity (D60/D10) ***Cc= Coefficient of curvature (D302/ D60 x D10) To evaluate the mineralogical compositions responsible for swelling activities, the investigated soils were subjected to X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) testing using Rigaku TTRA III diffractometer, and tests were performed at Cu Kα radiation (1.5418 Å) level.
Vanapalli, Semiempirical model for predicting the resilient modulus of unsaturated fine-grained soils.

To ensure that a sound basis upon which the influence of polymer-modification on the cracking-performance could be evaluated vis-à-vis that of the control specimen and to limit the number of experimental variables to a reasonable minimum, it was considered crucial that the two sets of specimens be subjected to identical curing conditions.
Also, the coating of hydrating cement grains by polymer films as reported in literature [38] lowers the amount of calcium silicate hydrate (referred to as CSH hereafter) produced during cement hydration in comparison to the control mix.
It can be inferred, from the aforementioned studies, that the reduction in the quantity of CSH - which is responsible for strength - in the mix, the slow hydration due to the dispersing effects of the polymers [13], and the coating of cement grains by polymer films reduced both compressive and tensile strength.
According to Ohama [19], excess air-entrainment and the presence of polymer granules due to polymer-modification increases the number of discontinuities in cement-based systems.

Turns number Nt was varied from 5 to 25.
Depending on the spectrum complexity, the collection at the background level was performed within the limits 0.1-5 millions pulses/channel; the total number of accumulator channels was 400; after the convolution of two symmetrical spectra, a calculation using 200 points was performed.
Numbers near the spectra indicate its area occupied by the central component, %, which corresponds to the fraction Ω of "bonded" Fe atoms -5 0 5 0.992 0.994 0.996 0.998 1.000 Velocity, mm/s 14.8 Velocity, mm/s Relative Transmission 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 5.9 (b) (a) 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 4.4 (c) 0.992 0.994 0.996 0.998 1.000 7.6 8.7 (d) -5 0 5 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000 (e)The X-ray diffraction analysis for the MA+HPT samples revealed their very fine nanocrystalline structure.
An effect of the anvil turn number Nt on the Fe solubility in Al was investigated for the RQ ribbon containing 8 wt. % Al.
Further heating leads to a decrease of Hv which may be associated with a coarsening of grains and a decomposition the Al-based solid solution.

Secondly, based on the above reason, only a limited number of, not all significant digits can be kept during the binary-to- ASCII transformation, causing precision loss.
The double type data uses 64-bits (8 bytes) to store a floating-point data, which can represent a number with 15-16 significant decimal digits.
The float type data takes 32-bits (4 bytes) to store a floating-point data, which can represent a number with 7-8 significant decimal digits.
TABLE.1 the parameters of the three benchmark dambreak cavity pitzDaily Solver interFoam icoFoam pisoFoam Dimensionality 3D 3D 3D Number of cells 6229504 15625000 16131636 DeltaT 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 2.00E-04 timesteps 100 100 100 Write interval 1/2/4/10/none 1/2/4/10/none 1/2/4/10/none Number of fields 5 8 8 Decomposition Scotch Scotch Scotch C.
Enhancing disk-directed I/O for fine-grained redistribution of file data[J].

In order to fabricate Si3N4 ceramics without the additives or residual Si, it is necessary to develop a new fabrication process. [6] Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or Chemical vapour infiltration (CVI) exhibit flexibility of composition design and have been demonstrated to be a very effective and matured enough method to fabricate SiC, carbon, and other matrices with ultra-pure and controllable grain sizes. [14-19] Earlier, in the 1970s, many researches have been conducted on CVD Si3N4.
But till now, the technological parameters for the deposition of Si3N4 have not caught on a systematic study. [39-45] Since the CVD/CVI experiment period is very long, and the cost is very high, it is not feasible to get optimal operating parameters by a great number of experimental studies.
min (1) Where s is the total number of the condensed-phase species, N is total number of the species in the system (the number of gaseous species is consequently N-s), p is the total pressure, ni is the moles of the ith gaseous species satisfying the following equation, and nicond is the moles of the ith condensed-phase species: Where aij is the atomicity of element j in species i, Bj is the total atomicity of element j and M is the total number of different elements.
It is clearly seen in Figure 3 that the concentration for a number of species changes significantly within three temperature regions, corresponding to about 400-500 K, 1200-1300 K and 1500-1600 K, respectively.

Numerous OPG-positive cells appeared in group A, while moderate number of them was found in groups B and C (p = 0.025; p = 0.027).
At higher magnifications, the micro porosity and grain size in the range from 400 nm to 1 µm was observed.
Numerous OPG-positive cells appeared in group A, while moderate number of them was found in groups B and C (U = 8.000, p = 0.025; U = 1.000, p = 0.027) (Fig. 3).
Number of 1 indicates area of OPG-containg bone cells, 2 – implanted biomaterial granules.