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In order to trace the modification of the MWCNT during acid treatment requires a certain number of defects in the structure.
The average grain size, from the X-ray line broadening, as calculated using the Scherrer integral breadth method [34] has been estimated as 23.77 nm, with the crystallite sizes ranging from 16.97- 30.58 nm.
The mean grain size was estimated using the Scherrer formula and the X-ray line broadening of the diffraction peaks [34].
However in practice, the structure comprises stacks of graphene layers containing different numbers of atomic sheets to yield a three-dimensional structure.
Using the Tafel equation for an irreversible-diffusion controlled process [69], (5) (6) Whereα is the transfer coefficient, nαis the number of electrons involved in the rate-determining step.

GO holds a number of peaks in the range of 1000 cm-1 to 1800 cm-1; these peaks can be credited to functional groups like C-O stretching vibrations of -COOH groups (1061 cm-1), epoxy (1233 cm-1) and carbonyl group (C=O) (1727 cm-1) [33].
The band at ⁓1340cm-1, is the D- band due to several defects and disorders in the edges and grain boundary, whereas the G band at ⁓1570cm-1, due to the in-plane vibrations sp2 hybridised carbon atoms.
The increased ID/IG ratio of GO from graphite (0.05 to 1.0) illustrates the reduced number of sp2 domains than graphite, which again confirms the successful incorporation of various oxygen functionalities into the graphitic structure.

Modified clay Characterization Methods Qmax (mg/ g) Adsorption Efficiency (%) Adsorption parameter Isotherm Kinetic Ref Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles + Bentonite Clay in 3D Pectin Hydrogel SEM, FTIR, XRD – 92.8 Ci = 100 ppm pH = 7 Contact time = 1h Adsorbent weight = 0.03g Langmuir Pseudo-second order [87] Sodium Alginate/Chitosan Carboxylate/ Montmorillonite (MSC-P) + Polyethyleneimine Functionalization + Ca2+ Crosslinking FTIR, SEM, XRD 203.99 91.05 pH= 5-6 adsorbent weight = 0.5 g/L Contact time = 5 h Langmuir Pseudo-second order [88] GO/PDA-MMT/CMCS SEM-EDS, AFM, XRD, XPS, FTIR, BET, ICP-OES 354,61 – pH= 2-7 Contact time= 60min Ci = 300 mg/L langmuir Pseudo-second order [89] lignosulfonate-montmorillonite (LS-MMT) XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, TGA 31.43 – pH= 5 Ci = 150–300 ppm T°= 20, 40 and 60 °C Contact time= 15min langmuir Pseudo-second order [90] coarse-grained bentonite (KB) FTIR, XRD 3.73 – langmuir Pseudo-second order [91] hexamethylenediammonium
A number of bio-adsorbent examples that can remove copper are shown in Table 3.
This review confirms that a number of critical factors, such as pH, equilibrium time, initial adsorbent concentration, adsorbent type, temperature, modification techniques, and specific surface area, strongly influence the adsorption process.

Also, the PECVD/PVD deposition process provides several advantages since it allows for variation of a number of growth parameters for each individual coating [34–36].
W mainly composed of islands with higher density and larger grain size on the surface.
It was also attributed to an increased number of W particle clusters that form on the near surface with increasing target powder [43].

As the particle size decreases, the larger number of atoms resides on the surface as compared to the core of the particle increasing the surface to volume ratio.
The crystallinity of grains formed by this method is much better than those from other methods.
In the hydrothermal process, the rate process of nucleation and grain growth mainly controls, the particle size in crystallization.
However, the grain growth is favoured by prolonged reaction time.
Ruehle, Grain Boundary Films in Rare-Earth-Glass-Based Silicon Nitride, J.

Figure 3 shows the increased interdiffusion that has occurred along grain and phase boundaries.
The numbers identify locations in (a) where box-scan analysis was performed and in (b) where point-to-point analysis was performed.
Numbers indicate areas where box-scan analysis was performed.

High specific surface area, large number of surface-active sites, and appropriate pore structure of the adsorbent are important for efficient performance to remove Cu2+ [11, 12].
The grain size of the Fe3O4 NPS in the nanocomposites is about 11.7 nm based on the Scherrer equation based on (311) diffraction face.
At the initial stage, the adsorption rate is fast due to the large number of adsorption vacancies on the adsorbent.

Wall construction data according to each scenario Scenario A B C D E F Number of layers 1 1 2 3 1 2 Thickness (m) 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.295 0.315 UV (W/m2K) 1.85 2.97 1.76 2.55 1.057 1.041 Wall system The ASHRAE Adaptive model was used to evaluate the comfort in the two buildings for 2020, with the sensors recording at hourly intervals.
· The upper limit of acceptability of 80% (°C) : [2] · The lower limit of acceptability of 80% (°C) : [3] The number of exceeded hours (EH) represents those during which the environmental conditions are outside the comfort zone requirements for the adaptive model during the occupied hours of the analysis period.
- Soil crushing: The soil is crushed to achieve a uniform grain size.

The polyethers (-(CH2)mO-)n show remarkable variations in physical properties with increasing number of methylene repeat units.
The transference number measurement of PEO-LiCF3SO3 electrolyte was analyzed using steady state current method.
The transference numbers of lithium triflate ion in PEO at 90 ºC was measured and attain a mean value of 0.46±0.02.
The composite polymer electrolytes containing ceramic fillers of nanometre grain size are generally termed as nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NCPEs).
The determination of the cation (t+) and anion (t_) transport numbers for the amorphous electrolyte showed both kinds of ions are mobile in the amorphous phase [91].

Recently there are a great interest to apply green chemistry principles for biomass utilization and waste minimization since the date palm tree annually has a great number of wastes have been estimated for about 33 Kg/tree, presented in leaves, fronds, mesh, fruit holders.
(El Hadrami et al. 2011) [27] reported that the highest concentration of phytosterols was in the pollen grains, while the least abundant in date fruit.
Date fruit may possess a potential of bioactive compounds, with high antioxidant activity, for the health benefits against a number of cancer types and cardiovascular diseases [7].
Also there is an important therapeutic effect of date palm pollen grains, well recognized to be as an anti-sterility agent, which considered as an excellent source of phytosterols, like ß-sitosterol and stigmasterol [45,15].
Chitin and Chitosan have been used as biotic elicitors as they are originally derivatives from a number of living organisms. [144,145].