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Graphene with a defective structure is obtained by a chemical method.
With increasing temperature (200–1000°C), the GO diffraction maximum 2θ = 10–12.5° disappears and new peaks 2θ = 20.03–26.16° appear, which correspond to rGO and G with a defective structure.
The thermal treatment of the resulting powder at 1000°C yields graphene with defective structure (Fig. 2b).
Graphene obtained by chemical method has a defective structure with peak at 2θ = 26.16° (Fig. 3a). 
Structure, morphology and some physical properties are studied for the obtained, in this way, 2D-Material–Magnetic nanocomposites.

Fine-grained structures may increase alloy ductility by nucleating from ferric oxide particles.
The XRD analysis provided the phase structure of the recycled aluminium alloy samples and the influence of the composites on their properties [16][17].
This suggests the efficacy of alumina in reinforcing the composite structure
This dual-phase structure likely impacted the mechanical properties in a complex manner
Materials chemistry and physics, 85(2-3), (2004), pp.438-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.02.002 [16] L.M.P.

The etching method 98c from the ASTM E407 standard for pure tungsten is used to reveal the grain structure [10].
In addition, the grain structure is coarsened since non doped fibers were used.
In addition, FIB analysis reveals that the erbium oxide of the interface forms a complicated 3D structure between the grains of the matrix.
Hutchinson, Crack deflection at an interface between dissimilar elastic materials, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 25 (1989) 1053-1067 [9] B.
Schubert, Tungsten - Properties, Chemistry, Technology of the Element, Alloys and Chemical Compounds, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999 [14] M.V.

Because of the lignin removal process, it was found that epoxy seepage had entirely filled the pore structure of the fiber(Sun et al. 2022).
“Global and Local Area Inspection Methods in Damage Detection of Carbon Fiber Composite Structures.”
Materials Chemistry and Physics 275: 125283
International Journal of Solids and Structures: 111604
Composite Structures 292: 115665

The nanoscale structure provides the advantage of an enhanced surface to volume ratio which in turn improves the sensor exposed surface and sensitivity.
Experimental Sensor Structure.
The sensor structure is composed of very fine interdigitated electrodes printed on circuit boards (PCBs).
Nasibulin, A novel method for continuous synthesis of ZnO tetrapods, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 119 (2015) 16366-16373
Akbar, Highly Sensitive and Selective Ethanol Sensor Based on ZnO Nanorod on SnO2 Thin Film Fabricated by Spray Pyrolysis, Nano-Hetero-Structures for Chemical Sensing: Opportunities and Challenges. (2020)

The incorporation of bulky or polar components into the polymer structure significantly affects the transport process.
Some different approaches to enhance the water management consist of altering the structure of GDL.
Sen, A Novel Monodisperse Metal Nanoparticles Anchored Graphene Oxide as Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Nano-Structures and Nano-Objects. 12 (2017) 41–45. doi:10.1016/j.nanoso.2017.08.018
Sen, Highly Efficient Pt Nanoparticles and f-MWCNT Nanocomposites Based Counter Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells, Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects. 11 (2017) 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.nanoso.2017.06.003
Varshney, Polylactides—Chemistry, Properties and Green Packaging Technology: A Review, Int.

Mechtcherine, Novel cement-based composites for the strengthening and repair of concrete structures, Construction and Building Materials 41 (2013) 365-373
Caporale, Strengthening of masonry-unreinforced concrete railway bridges with PBO-FRCM materials, Composite Structures 102 (2013) 193-204
Poggi, Out-of-plane maximum resisting bending moment of masonry walls strengthened with FRCM composites, Composite Structures 202 (2018) 881-896
Coradin, Introducing ecodesign in silica sol-gel materials, Journal of Materials Chemistry 19 (45) (2009) 8537-8559
Rep. 12, International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems and Structures (2016). doi:10.1617/s11527-016-0839-z

The initial system studied was 111In in the highly-ordered intermetallic compound In3La, that has the L12, or Cu3Au, structure (Fig. 1) [2].
L12 structure of In3La.
http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v102/e155901. ], which all have L12 structure.
Lanthanide Expansion Since the chemistries of rare-earth elements are so similar, differences in diffusion behavior along both In3R and Pd3R series are attributed primarily to variations in lattice parameters and accompanying size-effects.
Since the rare-earth atoms are larger than Pd, In or Cd atoms, they control the spacings between atoms in the structure.

Facile Synthesis of Dye Waste-calcium fluoride Hybrid Absorbent and Application to Dye Wastewater Treatment Danhua Zhao*a, Xiaojun Liub, Xiulian Zhangc, and Wei Yind Department of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou-510303, China azhaodanhua@gdei.edu.cn, btlxj@gdei.edu.cn, czxl@gdei.edu.cnl, dyinwei@gdei.edu.cn Keywords: Calcium fluoride, Dye wastewater, Hybridization, Sorbent, Treatment.
The composition and structure of the material were determined and characterized.
An X-ray diffractometer (XRD) (Model D/max2550VB3+/PC, Rigaku, Japan) was used for identifying the structure and size of crystal particles.
It may be due to the decomposition of the parent structure of triphenylmetane.

Figure 3: 2D (A) and 3D (B) structure images of CID 439262 (β-glucan) [46].
This glucan has been an effective model for the study of β-1,3-glucan helical structures, as it lacks the interference of periodic branching [42].
In addition, the glucan in a triple helix structure can be unstructured to form single strands by heating using different solvents.
Liao, Polycaprolactone-Based Green Renewable Ecocomposites Made from Rice Straw Fiber: Characterization and Assessment of Mechanical and Thermal Properties, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51 (2012) 3329-37
Shafiei, Polysaccharide biopolymer chemistry, (2021) 45-105