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Assessment of Shellac as Alternative Material for Preparation of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printing Filaments Siraprapa Chansatidkosol1,a, Chutima Limmatvapirat2,b, Suchada Piriyaprasarth1,c, Vipaluk Patomchaiviwat1,d and Sontaya Limmatvapirat1,e* 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand asiraprapa.chan@gmail.com, blimmatvapirat_c@su.ac.th, cpiriyaprasarth_s@su.ac.th, dpatomchaiviwat_v@su.ac.th, e*limmatvapirat_s@su.ac.th *Corresponding author Keywords: Shellac, Hot melt process, Physicochemical property, Fused deposition modeling, Filament Abstract.
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) seems to be very interesting in pharmaceutical applications to provide 3D objects from digital designs due to its low cost, no need of organic solvents, precisely controlled shape and size of printed structures with high reproducibility [2-4].
During HME process, shellac passing through a heated nozzle was turned into semi-solids before solidifying to form filament structures at room temperature by its thermoplastic properties.

Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Bentonite/N-P-K Composite as Slow-Release Fertilizer Model Using Twin-Screw Extruder Wini Nafisyah1,a, Sutarno Sutarno1,b, Bakti Berlyanto Sedayu2,c, Silvia Wahyuni1,d and Indriana Kartini1,e* 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia 2Indonesian Research Institute for Fisheries Postharvest Mechanization, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Imogiri Barat, Bantul, Yogyakarta 55781, Indonesia awininafisyah@mail.ugm.ac.id, bsutarno@ugm.ac.id, cbaktibsedayu@gmail.com, dsilviawahyuni@mail.ugm.ac.id, eindriana@ugm.ac.id Keywords: carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), NPK , slow-release fertilizer, twin-screw extruder Abstract.
The Si–O bands are strongly evident in the silicate structure and can be readily recognized in the infrared spectrum by the very strong absorption bands in the 1100– 1000 cm−1 region.
Rajarajan, Native cellulose: Structure, characterization and thermal properties, Materials. 7 (2014) 6105-6119

A reduction in the size of nano-silica particles provides an exceptional surface area-to-volume ratio and changes in the surface energy, surface chemistry, and surface morphology of the particle, altering its basic properties and reactivity.
Trettin, Hydration behaviour, structure and morphology of hydration phases in advanced cement-based systems containing micro and nanoscale pozzolanic additives, Cement and Concrete Research, 38(7) 2008 955–962
Fartosy, Using Infrared Spectroscopy to Examine the Influences of Stabilizers on the Molecular Structure of Stabilized Contaminated Clay Soils.

The higher Ti and C content promote changing from a hypoeutectic-based structure to a more eutectic-base structure, consisting of a reduced I I II III III III amount of titanium-enriched iron-base primary dendrites and significant amount of eutectic carbides (Fig. 3b).
In the present paper, an attempt to assess the chemistry of precipitated complex carbides based upon their shape (Fig. 4) is given as follows.

This difference in the ID/IG value indicates the repair of defects by the recovery of aromatic structures.
The chemical structure of these components are given in Figure 10.
These released hydrogen ions catalyse dehydration in GO accomplished by the formation of sp2 hybridised carbon structure.
Thomas, Spectroscopic Characterizations of Graphitic Structures, in: Emerging Trends in Spectroscopy, (2019) 1–16
Maji, Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Graphene Oxide by Sonication Assisted Mechanochemical Approach and Its Surface Chemistry, J.

Argon2e 1 Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA a stan.veprek@lrz.tum.de, bRuifeng.Zhang@lrz.tu-muenchen.de, c Maritza.Veprekheijman@lrz.tu-muenchen.de, dShuHong.Sheng@lrz.tu-muenchen.de, e argon@MIT.EDU Keywords: Superhard Materials, Superhard Nanocomposites, Hardness Enhancement, Industrial Applications Abstract.
This approach neglects the fact that elastic moduli describe the reversible, elastic response to small strain near equilibrium, whereas hardness is related to plastic deformation, the measurement of which involves substantial plastic strain, where the electronic structure becomes strongly distorted and can often result in structural transformations to softer phases.
In spite of that fact, many researchers try to design new superhard materials on the basis of their large elastic moduli fully ignoring the fact that these describe only the reversible elastic deformation under a small strain near equilibrium, whereas plastic deformation occurs in shear at large strain at the atomic level, where the electronic structure may become often unstable, resulting in structural transformations to softer phases.
Understanding of hardness of > 100 GPa in the nc-TmN/a-SiNx nanocomposites Now we shall show that the experimentally reported hardness of more than 100 GPa can be easily understood in the nc-TmN/a-Si3N4 nanocomposites: For the weaker fcc-SiN - like interface, which is pseudomorphically stabilized by the surrounding fcc-TiN in a locally deformed structure [62-64], the ideal shear strengths of 12 to 32 GPa have been calculated for several relevant slip systems [62].
Conclusions The search for new intrinsically super- and ultrahard materials based on high values of elastic moduli did not result in any real break-through because plastic deformation occurs at atomic level by shear at large strain where instability of electronic structure are likely to occur, resulting in transformation to a softer phase.

Black Layers on Aluminum Substrate - Evaluation of Corrosion Behavior L.Anicai1,a, A.Pertache 1,b, M.Buda 2,c, T.Visan 2,d 1Division of Ecological Technologies Development, Petromservice SA, Calea Grivitei 8-10, 010772, Bucharest, Romania 2 Department of Applied Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest, Calea Grivitei 132, 010737, Bucharest, Romania a lanicai@itcnet.ro, b apertache@yahoo.com, c mbuda@catedra.chfiz.chim.upb.ro d t_visan@chim.upb.ro Keywords: black aluminium, black nickel, polypyrrole, blackening, corrosion resistance Abstract.
A "craters" like structure is present that may facilitate the light trapping with good effects on solar absorptance coefficient.
In this case, it has been proposed an equivalent circuit comprising a series of two circuits containing a CPE (constant phase element) in parallel with film resistance (Rf), both in series with solution resistance (Rsol), that takes into account the quite complex structure of the films that involve the presence of a barrier layer and an anodic porous layer where Ni, respectively Ag based species are incorporated and are responsible for the black color appearance.

The model is calibrated based on field studies and laboratory soil characteristics, taking into account the type of explosive, direction of filtration flow, soil structure, and other factors.
Clustering is used to divide the affected area into subsets with a similar contamination structure.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 379 (2004) 512–518

Cooling Rate and Microstructural Investigation of Rapidly Solidified Spherical Mono-Sized Copper Particles Ying-Yan Hu1,2,a, Jun-Feng Wang2,b, Can Li2,3,c, Yi-Ying Gao2,d, Jian-Qiang Li2,4,e* 1School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China 2National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 3School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China 4School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ayyhu@ipe.ac.cn, b276708543@qq.com, clican@ipe.ac.cn, dyygao@ipe.ac.cn, ejqli@ipe.ac.cn Keywords: Mono-sized spherical copper particle; Rapid solidification; Sphericity; Structural; Cooling rate Abstract.
So the final properties can be modified through microstructure morphology change, nonequilibrium phase formation or structure refinement.
Figure 5 exposes the cross-section structure of spherical copper particles taken by metallographically examination.

Additionally, the Inventive Principles provided a structured framework for generating innovative solutions to reduce component count and simplify installation.
It is for the case, chemistry of polyacrylamide material was modified, and composite material was produced and used to make a seal which can absorb water.
Conclusion The paper presented a structured approach to cable gland design that uses a comprehensive set of TRIZ tools.