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Aerial photographs of ash and slag dumps of thermal power plants of Ukraine: a – Zmiivska TPP; b – Zaporizka TPP The study of the dumps surface samples has shown their heterogeneous structure, determined by the alternation of ashes with different granulometric composition (Table 1).
It has been identified by the X-ray diffraction analysis (fig. 4), that the main mineral is mullite {Al4[Al4(Si3Al)O19(F0,5O,OH)]} – a high-temperature phase with a disordered structure, as well as tridymite (SiO2) – mineral of the metastable phase, characteristic of young formations, including ash and slag.
Vanadium in coal sludge is an iron-vanadium-containing ulvospinel, additionally containing phases with the structure of mullite, wustite, perovskite and silicates of variable composition; 3.
Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 300/1 (2014) 17–22
Romin, Research of the intramolecular interactions and structure in epoxyamine composites with dispersed oxides.

The coating structure results then from piled deformed particles as illustrated in Fig.1 from [4].
The resulting coatings present a lamellar structure such as that illustrated in Fig.2a, which structure is schemed in Fig.2b.
Polymer coating structure shows a very dense, well bounded surface layer, structure which is due to fusing after, or coincidental with, deposition (see for example [114] where the resulting is achieved by laser)
In such a way, a database was built to train and optimize an ANN structure.
Nano-structured or finely-structured coatings Advantages brought by nano-materials.

The structure of a glass is very important because many properties depend on it.
The structure of the S- and Se-based films depends significantly on the Ag content.
Ovshinsky, Reversible electrical switching phenomena in disordered structures, Phys.
Zahn, In situ Raman observation of laser-induced formation of TiInSe2 crystallites in Ti–In–As–Se glass: submitted to Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids (2013)
Spohr, Production and use of nuclear tracks-imprinting structure on solids, Rev.

The typical arrangement in the biomat is a vertically organized structure, where the lamination layout is determined by the light quantity and quality along with nutrient distribution [18].
Typical microbial mat structures and related metabolically-driven chemical reactions leading to carbonate precipitation are presented in Figs 1 and 2.
The role of APB during CaCO3 precipitation is restricted to the change of bulk aqueous solution chemistry via increasing solution pH and saturation degree.
Pace, Composition and structure of microbial communities from stromatolites of Hamelin pool in Shark Bay, Western Australia, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 (2005) 4822-4832
McKenzie, Microbes produce nanobacteria-like structures, avoiding cell entombment, Geology 36 (2008) 663-666

Successive and continuous tip splitting is the characteristic of such structures.
The seaweed structures mentioned above due to rapid growth velocity in supercooled melts.
Manipulating silver dendritic structures via diffusion and reaction, Chem.
Structure formation and the morphology diagram of possible structures in two-dimensional diffusional growth.
Directional solidification of inclined structures in thin samples.

A decade after Jameson’s proposal, the notion remains a fairly violent assumption, and Haynes places his higher hopes with the physics of crystallization rather than biochemistry: “It is doubtful whether much can be gained by further sectioning as a means for disclosing the mechanical structure of pearls unless research by students of colloidal chemistry brings new light to bear on crystallization in the animal kingdom and its periodicity…,” Haynes [15], page 114.
Jameson would have had a hard time comparing the structure of intercellular granules and natural pearl nuclei.
Krishnamurti, The structure and optical behavior of iridescent shells, Proc.
Krishnamurti, The structure and optical behaviour of pearls, Proc.
Swamy, X-Ray analysis of the structure of iridescent shells, Proc.

Molecular Mechanism of Water Oxidation Reaction at Photo-irradiated TiO2 and Related Metal Oxide Surfaces Ryuhei NAKAMURA1,a, Yoshihiro NAKATO2 1 Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; nakamura@light.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp 2 The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; a nakato@chem.es.osaka-u.ac.jp Keywords: solar water splitting, photoelectrochemistry, photocatalysis, nanoparticles, atomically flat surfaces, FTIR, PL, in situ surface spectroscopy Abstract.
[Ti2=O−Ti]s + h+ → [Ti2=O⋅⋅⋅Ti]+s (surface-trapped hole, STH) (4) Fig. 1 shows the location and the structure of an STH in surface lattice models for atomically flat TiO2 (rutile) (110) and (100) surfaces [53,54].
This method can give fruitful information on the molecular structure, the molecular orientation, and the adsorption strength of surface species.
Crystal-face dependence of water photooxidation reaction on n-TiO2 (rutile) The use of surfaces with atomic-level regulated structures as well as in-situ spectroscopic monitoring of reaction intermediates is of key importance in mechanistic studies.
However, TiO2 surfaces prepared by this method are quite different in structures and properties from those of actual photocatalysts, which are in contact with aqueous solutions or wet air and are subjected to reconstruction by water adsorption and hydrolysis reactions.

Figure 2 represents the crystal structure of zinc oxide.
Figure 3 represents the crystal structure of indium oxide.
From XRD, they confirmed that these nano belts have wurtzite structure.
The structural characterization of series of prism-like structures and flower like structure are studied by Pal et al. [50].
Ji Bong Park, Se Hun Park, Pung Keun Song, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 71 (2010) 669

Industrial Applications of Hard and Superhard Nanocomposite Coatings on Tools for Machining, Forming, Stamping and Injection Molding Stan Veprek1 a) *, Pavel Holubar2 b), Maritza Veprek-Heijman3 a) a) Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany; b) SHM, Průmyslová 3, CZ-787 01 Šumperk, Czech Republic; 1 stan.veprek@lrz.tum.de 2 holubar@shm-cz.cz 3 Maritza.Veprekheijman@lrz.tum.de Keywords: Hard and Superhard Nanocomposite Coatings; Wear Protection Coatings on Tools; Industrial Applications; Machining; Forming; Stamping; Injection Molding Abstract The design and application of hard and superhard (H ≥ 40 GPa) coatings and their properties are discussed with the focus on superhard nanocomposites.
The concept for the design of superhard nanocomposites, as formulated in 1995 [25], has close similarities with the case of nano-structured materials with low-energy grain boundaries: in the most studied nc-TiN/Si3N4 nanocomposites, the 3-4 nm small TiN nanocrystals are “glued” together by about one monolayer (1 ML) thick Si3N4-like sharp interfacial layer, as shown already in the early papers [25-27] and discussed in more details later on, where it has been found that this interfacial layer is strengthened by valence charge transfer (see invited review [28] and references therein).
Besides the conditions that the Tm-Si-N system should be strongly spinodal with a high de-mixing energy, the interfacial 1 ML of Si3N4-like layer (or another covalent compound) must be stable in the pseudomorphically stabilized fcc-TiN structure.
Adamik, Fundamental structure forming phenomena of polycrystalline films and the structure zone models, Thin Solid Films 317 (1998) 27-33
Veprek-Heijman, Superhard and Ultrahard Nano-Structured Materials and Coatings, in: Microstructure-Property Correlations for Hard, Superhard and Ultrahard Materials, Ed.

Cr also guards the corrosion resistance of the entire structure [12].
(b) (a) Fig. 4 Crystal structure of bcc-based (a) disordered A2 and (b) ordered B2 (β–NiAl) phases.
Among the many factors affecting the interdiffusion behaviour in a system involving an ordered phase [39-41], the defect chemistry and the thermodynamic driving force play pivotal roles depending on the systems.
Alloying additions to β–NiAl bond coat also exhibit certain site preferences because of its ordered B2 structure.
It should be appreciated that these elements do not change the crystal structure rather alters the local electronic structure [150].