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Literature [6] gives the reduction formula for computing the shear connection degree through studs’ rigidity.
According to the calculation data listed in Table 3 and 4, the stress amplitude as one half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one fatigue cycle along the canthus welding seam at critical area can be evaluated.

This appears to be necessary, because experimental data are strongly missing to set the values of such parameters on a sound physical basis.
To comply with the small strain assumption used to solve the Eshelby problem, was calculated from the PTMC results by using a reduction factor, r (Eq. 2).

By means of the electric extensometers used in the tensile tests, together with the applied force data and the dimensions of the original section of each sample, the graphs of true stress versus true strain were constructed.
Dependence of plastic strain and microstructure on elastic modulus reduction in advanced high-strength steels.

Tafel slope βa and βc in this study were calculated by using the data that obtained between Ecorr±75 and Ecorr±300.
The reduction of electrons produced per unit time by the Fe→Fe2++2e- reaction results in the decrease of anodic polarization current.

Rocha [13] discussed the feasibility of the use of ionic liquids as catalysts in the biodiesel production field, through the analysis of the data generated in the studies reviewed, it is possible to affirm that ionic liquids present great potential as catalysts for biodiesel production, as immediate advantages, the use of ionic liquids leads to a reduction of the amount of residual water generated in the treatment of biodiesel compared to the traditionally used catalysts and the achievement of processes with fewer steps for product separation and purification.

For both sets of data a power-law life model was assumed for single crystal superalloy based on the Basquin equation [13], which can be written as: (1) where σa is the stress amplitude, Nf is the number of cycles to failure.
There was little reduction in area or elongation of the specimens during the fatigue process and no evidence of creep damage as a primary contributor to failure was observed for the testing conditions examined.

The reduction of the laser induced damage threshold is mainly due to the surface/subsurface processing damage on optical component.
Compare the above formula with the critical force in Eq. 2, therefore, the ratio r can be written as: (6) Since the rotation speed of the polishing wheel is not high during the processing, the dynamic pressure value formed on the surface of the optical element is relatively small, and the maximum ratio r obtained after substituting the relevant data is 1.3×10-5.

The raw material was rolled with the total reduction of about 63% and the final total thickness of cold rolling Cu/Al clad sheet was 6.2mm.
Dinsdale, SGTE data for pure elements.

Calibration of Strength Reduction Factor for Reinforced Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Bridge Girders in Flexure. 
Vine Copula Data Fusion for Failure Probability Analysis of Steel Bridge Girder Section. 

In a dynamic state, these changes are characterized by a dynamic storage modulus and a loss modulus (the ratio of stress to strain under vibration, calculated from data obtained from free or forced vibration, shear, compression, or elongation tests).
The combination of the properties of elastomer and MR fluids makes it possible to provide a gel-like material that supports sedimentation reduction and particle freedom to obtain a significant increase in viscosity when exposed to a magnetic field [12, 13].