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Nigeria - Energy Mix for Electrification: Source: World Bank Data (2014) Fig. 3.
Data from 2021 showed that the fraction of the Nigerian population with access to clean energy and technologies for cooking was about 16.8%.
Figure 6 shows the trend of data over the years.
The UNDP Africa Regional Energy Programme for Poverty Reduction is dedicated to decentralized energy solutions that extend beyond the basic needs of communities.
The project has also provided data regarding bidding/market structures and different technology performances, which can help establish more efficient future projects.

From the comparison of the model results with experimental data we can conclude on the importance of the different influence factors on creep in thin films. 2 Discrete dislocation model A model of diffusional creep in a thin film geometry with a single grain boundary is set up here.
If both kinds of grain boundaries are present, which must be assumed in "real" polycrystals, those which can account for the furthest reduction of the stress level will determine the flow stress.
Kozma, in: Handbook of Grain and Interface Boundary Diffusion Data, Vol. 1, Ziegler Press, Stuttgart, Germany, 1989, pp. 380-390

Cho and Hong [28] predicted the initial interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) value at the lateral mould surface to be 1000 Wm-2K-1 and this value conformed to their experimentally measured data.
Generally, the current model can be said to be efficient and robust since it matched experimental data curve with a striking resemblance and hence, the model is validated.
As a result, slower heat transfer rate due to lower thermal gradient led to reduction in rate at which fraction decreases.

Their use in LHTS is bounded because of their significant cost and limited data on their thermo-physical properties [12, 64]. 3.3 Advantages and drawbacks of PCMs The advantages and drawbacks of different types of PCMs [5, 38, 39, 43, 65, 69, 70] are compared in table 5.
conventional building material (i.e. cement, brick, gypsum…) § Shows no phase segregation § Chemically stable § High heat of fusion § Safe and non-reactive § Recyclable § Low thermal conductivity (average 0.2 W/mK) § Low to moderate volumetric latent heat storage capacity § Moderately flammable § Not compatible with plastic containers (Paraffins) § Corrosive to steel (Fatty acids) Inorganic § High latent heat storage per volume unit (~ 350 MJ/m3) § Higher thermal conductivity than organic (between 0.5-1 W/mK) § Low cost and readily available § Low environmental impact § Potentially recyclable § Non-flammable § Sharp phase change § Corrosive to metals § Supercooling § Irritant § High vapor pressure § Low durability § Moderate chemical stability § Phase segregation § Incongruent melting § High volume change Eutectic § Sharp melting points § Properties can be customized for specific requirements § High volumetric thermal storage capacity § High cost § Limited data
The use of PCM showed a reduction in peak temperatures, damping indoor temperature fluctuations and lowers usage time of heating and cooling systems.

The former takes place from the configuration reduction in the zone between particle surfaces; the latter arises from the high concentration of adsorbed charged macromolecules in the region between the particles as they come near [34].
The goals of this research are to improve the understanding of the TNP impacts on the transport of HOCs in soil under real conditions by providing preliminary data, which include the effects of the TNPs mass loading, the size of TNPs and the competitive adsorption of organic matter in soil on HOC transport in real subsurface environment.
Data Analysis Since pyrene and TCC are both HOCs, the transport of TCC in soil with the presence of TNPs may show many similarities comparing with the one of pyrene.

Attempts were made to fit experimental data to various isotherms including Frumkin, Langmuir, Temkin, and Freundlich.
The anodic half reaction involves dissolution mild steel through oxidation process as described earlier [27–29]: Fe + Cl− ↔ FeCl−(ads) FeCl−(ads) ↔ FeCl(ads) +e− FeCl(ads) ↔ FeCl+(ads) + e− FeCl+(ads) ↔ Fe2+ + Cl− Whereas, cathodic reaction involves the hydrogen evolution through reduction process according to following steps [27–29]: Fe + H+ ↔ FeH+(ads) FeH+(ads) + e− ↔ FeH(ads) FeH (ads) + H+ + e− ↔ Fe + H2 The electrochemical polarization parameters such as corrosion potential (Ecorr), corrosion current density (icorr), slope of the cathodic branch (βc) and slope of the anodic branch (βa), and corresponding percentage inhibition efficiencies (η%) were calculated by the Tafel extrapolation method and are listed in Table 4.
Equivalent circuit model used to fit the EIS data. 3.5.

By refining experimental XRD data, the lattice constant of CdS unit cell can be calculated taking into account that dominant crystalline structure is zinc blende, obtaining a= 5.79 Å (value close to that of bulk CdS, a = 5.8320 Å) and an interplanar distance of ~0.334 nm, which corresponds to the zinc blende crystalline phase in the direction of the (1 1 1) crystalline plane.
Similarly, the HRTEM micrograph of the CdS:Cu NF, shown in Fig. 4b, which presents a reduction in NP size by the quantum confinement effect due to the Cu ions incorporation in the Cd sublattice.
Madelung, Semiconductors: Data Handbook, (2004) Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg

The density, micro-hardness and yield strength data have recently been evaluated and published in a paper by Libardi et al. [24].
These large areas could be grains that have been sintered with no size reduction during mechanical milling, or could be regions of merging of several refined powders during high temperature sintering.
Data for the mean grain size of the SPS FeMo steels are those measured with TEM.

Many cases of structural collapse, in particular of steel and timber structures, can be related to the strong reduction in the material mechanical properties at high temperatures or even to its combustion occurring during a fire.
The characteristics of the design spectra and the design methods implemented in the majority of seismic codes are based on the data of recording stations which are located in far-source fields.
The collection of data for the most typical situations has given the possibility to set-up general recommendations, which could be useful for the damage prevention against catastrophic events.

Under some limiting scenarios, the obtained data strongly correspond to the published studies in the open literature. 1 Introduction Fluids are popularly grouped into Newtonian and non-Newtonian.
For both cases, growth in M causes a reduction in the heat transfer across the surface as shown in this figure.