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Thus, incorporating with the trapped oxides, causing them to expand, as reported by Ahmadpour et.al [1].
Typical microstructure features of Al-Si are well observed, such as eutectic Si and Al-Fe-Mn intermetallic compound.
Therefore, melt treatment during melting process is crucial to the quality of aluminium casting, as reported by Zeng et.al. [12] and Akhtar et.al. [13].
The nature of brittle behaviour is most likely due to the presence of bifilm oxides, as reported by Bozchaloei et.al [7].
El-Sayed, “The Behaviour of Bifilm Defects in Cast Al-7Si-Mg Alloy,” PLOS ONE, vol. 11, no. 8, p. e0160633, Aug. 2016

Chen et al. and El-Khabeery et al. [14, 15] found that low feed ratios and larger tool nose radius with small viscosity lubricant are associated with minimum surface roughness.
Zhan et al., Review on hot spinning for difficult-to-deform lightweight metals, Trans.
Marghmaleki et al., Finite Element Simulation of Thermomechanical Spinning Process, Proc.
EL-Khabeery et al., On the Conventional Simple Spinning of Cylindrical Aluminium Cups, Int.
Venkateshwarlu et al., Experimental Investigation on Spinning of Aluminum Alloy 19500 Cup, Int.

., et al., Assessment of structural, morphological, magnetic and gas sensing properties of CoFe2O4 thin films.
[7] Phua, L., et al., Structure and magnetic characterizations of cobalt ferrite films prepared by spray pyrolysis.
[10] Sutka, A., et al., Ethanol monitoring by ZnFe2O4 thin film obtained by spray pyrolysis.
[15] El-Masry, M.M., R.
[21] Patade, S.R., et al., Impact of crystallites on enhancement of bandgap of Mn1-xZnxFe2O4 (1≥ x≥ 0) nanospinels.

The composite of the Al-Si powders is: Si: 17.75 wt.%, Fe: 1.16wt.%, Mg: 0.312wt.%, Cu: 0.005 wt.%, Al: balance.
[3] Fathy A, El-Kady O, Mohammed M M M.
[6] Scudino S, Liu G, Sakaliyska M, et al.
[7] Singh M, Goyal K, Goyal D K, et al.
[8] Yang Zhen, Lu Dehong, Chen Feifan et al.

Chen, et al: Phy.
Stucky, et al: Phy.
Sher, et al: Nano.
Troyon, A.El Hdiy, et al: Appl.
Wang, et al: Appl.

Elemental composition of polymer samples was carried out by Vario EL Cube elemental analyzer.
Carrasco-Carmona, et al., State of the art on biomaterials for soft tissue augmentation in the oral cavity.
Danilova, et al., Strategies of the selection and use scaffolds in bioengineering, Biol.
Vavilova, et al., Synthesis of biodegradable grafted copolymers of gelatin and polymethyl methacrylate, Polym.
Vavilova, et al., Tributylborane in the synthesis of graft-copolymers of gelatin and acrylamide, J.

Table 1 Main research groups dealing with modelling of surface roughness [2] Modelling procedures and techniques Currently active research groups Summary of the present status Main disadvantages of the method Analytical models or computer algorithms Grzesik; Lin and Chan; Baek et al.; Chen et al.; Ehmann and Hong; Kim and Chu; Lee et al. · These ones simulate the cutting process in terms of kinematics and cutting tool properties
Based on experiments Abouelatta and Madl; Ghani and Choudhury; Jang et al.; Beggan et al.; Dhar et al.; Munoz-Escalona and Cassier; Thielle and Melkote; Baptista and Antune Simoes; Coker and Shin; Diniz and Filho; Heisel · This is the most conventional approach adopted
Based on designed experiments Davim; Choudhury and El-Baradie; Feng and Wang; Kopac and Bahor; Thomas and Beauchamp; Alauddin et al.; Fuh and Wu · The response surface methodology (RSM) and the Taguchi techniques for design of experiments (DoE) are the mostly used methods.
Based on artificial intelligence (AI) Azouzi and Guillot; Varghese and Radhakrishnan; Chien and Chou; Suresh et al.; Lee et al.; Li et al.; Oxley; Lin et al.; Matsumura et al.; Benardos and Vosniakos; Tsai et al.; Lou and Chen; Ho et al. · Generally the artificial neural network (ANN) models or genetic algorithms (GA) are used

El Kady3,c, Mohamed.
Petot-Ervas, Transport properties of Al or Cr-doped nickel oxide relevant to the thermal oxidation of dilute Ni-Al and Ni-Cr alloys, Solid State Ion., 297 (2016) 13–19 [3] H.
Abdelhameed, Effect of alumina particles addition on physico-mechanical properties of AL-matrix composites, O.J.
El kady, M.M.

Pabandi et al. [24] studied effect of precipitation hardening heat treatment on mechanical and microstructure features of dissimilar friction stir welded AA2024-T6 and AA6061-T6 alloys and found that when AA6061-T6 Al alloy was placed on the advancing side of AA2024-T6 and AA6061-T6 Al alloys during friction stir welding there was appropriate plastic material inter-mixing and better tensile strength.
Herling, et al, Effect of tool design and process parameters on properties of Al alloy 6016 friction stir spot welds, J Mater Process Technol, 211 (2011), pp. 972-977
Guo, et al, Material flow during refill friction stir spot welded dissimilar Al alloys using a grooved tool, J Manuf Processes, 49 (2020), pp. 260-270
Al-Fadhalah, A.I.
[44] M.M El-Rayes, E.A El-Danaf, The influence of multi-pass friction stir processing on the microstructural and mechanical properties of Aluminium Alloy 6082, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 212, 5(2012),pp.1157-1168

The washed product was dried in an oven at 80˚C for 12 h in order to dehydrate the product according to Hu et al. [19] and Abdullah et al. [20].
Here, at 24 h of hydrothermal time, transformation of anatase TiO2 at low temperature (170 ˚C) to TiO2 (B) at higher temperature (200 and 220 ˚C) was observed, which is in good agreement with Hou et al. [22] and Jiang et al. [23] that TiO2 (B) formed at 140-200˚C for 24 h of hydrothermal time.
This is in accordance with the previous report of Armstrong et al. [15] that wire-structure begins to occur at 200 ˚C.
The morphology of nanowires observed here is similar to that reported by Potrolniczak et al. [21] but a slightly bigger size as compared to the nanowires produced by Armstrong et al [11] at the same hydrothermal temperature and time.
Carreno and E.L.