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It has been reported by Baruah et al. that ZnO has emerged as a more efficient photocatalyst than TiO2 due to its high surface reactivity owing to its large number of active surface defect states [11].
The peak positions are found well matching with those of the standard pattern of ZnO hexagonal phase with a wurtzite structure phase according to (JCPDS card No. 36-1451).
According to (JCPDS card No. 07-0155) attributed to simonkolleite material, the incomplete reaction leads to the appearance of diffraction peaks relative to (Zn5(OH)8Cl2H2O) phase.
The lattice constants of the ZnO structures are calculated and are in agreement with the reported values which are a = b = 3.249 Å and c = 5.207 Å according to the JCPDS data reflecting the high crystallinity of namely Zn(CH3COO)2 and Zn(NO3)2 precursors produced ZnO NPs.
ISSN Number: 2149-2123

The collection time during electrospinning was controlled precisely to obtain a suitable (but not excessive) number (about 1,000) of aligned nanowires on the substrate.
An Optical laser microscope (OLS4000, Olympus, Japan) was used to capture the metallographic microscope image of the nanowires and to confirm the number of the nanowires on the substrate.
The conductivity, σ, of the nanowires was calculated from the resistance (R) measured at various temperatures using the following relationship: (1) where L is the distance between the two Pt electrodes, α is a geometrical factor (that is equal to the mean of 1/sinθ, where θ is the measured angle between the nanowire and parallel electrodes), n is the number of YSZ nanowires, and r is the average radius of the nanowires.
It is obvious that all the diffraction peaks of the samples are well indexed to the standard pattern of CGO (JCPDS card No. 75-0162), indicating that the formation of single phase.

It is well known that the peak separation () between the oxidation peak and reduction peak can be used as a criterion for judging the reversibility of a redox process, and if it is a reversible process, the following equation holds [19]: 2.3RT/nF (2) where R, T, n, F, are gas constant, absolute temperature, the number of electrons and Faraday constant, respectively.
According to equation 3[20]: ip =0.4958(nF)3/2(RT)1/21/2AC0 (3) where ip is peak current density, n the number of electrons, F the Faraday constant, R the gas constant, T the absolute temperature,the transport coefficient, D the diffusion coefficient, the potential scanning rate, A the electrode area and C0 is the bulk concentration of the reactant in the solution, there is a linear relationship between ip and 1/2 if the current peak is caused by ion diffusion in the corresponding irreversible reaction [20].
We can see easily from Fig.3 (a) to (c) that the size of grains increases with time, but the number of grains is roughly the same.
All the peaks of the two samples except the peaks for ITO can be indexed to the reported data of Bi2Te2.5Se0.5 (JCPDS card 51-0643) only the peaks for sample S2 slightly shift to higher angles.

A number of methods have been developed to synthesize TiO2 nanoparticles, such as hydrolysis, sol-gel process, hydrothermal method and microemulsion (or reverse micelles).
All the peaks in this figure could be identified as an anatase TiO2 (JCPDS Card No. 21-1272).
Numbers of spheres with different diameters were seen.
A number of small particles were distributed in or attached on the rod.

When a large number of ammonium groups connected with long-chain molecules in polyethyleneimine are selectively adsorbed on the non-polar surface of ZnO crystals, the surface free energy and growth of these crystal surfaces can be changed, and finally increase the aspect ratio of the nanowires; the presence of ammonia can effectively prevent the homogeneous nucleation of ZnO in the solution.
It can be seen that all films are hexagonal wurtzite ZnO structure (JCPDS card No. 36-1451).
A large number of ammonium groups connect to long-chain molecules in PEI can be selectively adsorbed on the non-polar faces of ZnO crystals, which changes the surface free energy and growth rate of these crystal faces, thereby inhibiting the growth of these crystal faces, but its axial growth is not affected.
This is because the density of the nanowires is mainly determined by the number of ZnO nuclei, which contains a main crystal axis along the [001] direction.

The size of the interaction volume depends on the electron's landing energy, the atomic number of the specimen and the specimen's density.
The peaks are all allocated and indexed according to the J.C.P.D.S. file #41-1449.
All reflection peaks may be well indexed with a pure tetragonal phase of crystalline Bi2O3, which agrees well with the tetragonal phase fiber structure (JCPDS card No: 65-4028).
The materials have a tetragonal crystalline structure with lattice constants of 1.2291 to 8.6147, which is consistent with JCPDS No 65-4028.
These particles can be used as a high contrast medium for high-resolution imaging in a number of biological applications.

The occupation numbers of electrons are expressed Gaussian distribution function with an electronic temperature of kT = 0.001 Ry.
Its mixing factor for self - consistency is to be 0.2 and the number of iterations used in mixing scheme is 5.
All the sharp diffraction peaks can be indexed on the basis of a cubic spinel structure, Li4Ti5O12 (JCPDS Card No.490207).
(2) Where, n is the number of electrons being transferred during the intercalation process, F is the Faraday constant, ∆G is the Gibbs free energy.

The time and temperature for the precursor powder treatment were optimized to obtain KSr2Nb5O15 single-phase powders (JCPDS card number 34-0108) with high crystallinity.
The TTB-type structure exhibits a large number of atomic vacant sites, providing a major structural mobility and the ability to form solid solutions [16, 17].

As shown in Figs. 1(a)–(d), the XRD profiles can be well indexed to standard CuHCF (JCPDS card number 86-0513) [20].
Jeong, Modulating the hydration number of calcium ions by varying the electrolyte concentration: Electrochemical performance in a Prussian blue electrode/aqueous electrolyte system for calcium-ion batteries, Electrochimica Acta. 265 (2018) 430−436 [19] R.

Introduction The number of publications on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) increased significantly from between 2004 and 2012 compared with number on nanocellulose and cellulose nanocomposites [1].
According to the JCPDS card (PDF # 030289) lattice constants of a = 8.35, b = 10.28 and c = 7.96, and b= 102°.