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Detecting damage in a structure by monitoring has been an important task throughout the literature devoted to aerospace, mechanical and civil engineering.
Güemes: Key Engineering Materials.

Garcia 3,f 1 Fluminense Federal University, Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Av. dos Trabalhadores, 420 - 27255-125 - Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil 2 Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology - IFPA PO Box 479, 420 - 66093-020 - Belém, PA, Brazil 3 Department of Materials Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP PO Box 6122 - 13083-970 - Campinas, SP, Brazil a ileao@metal.eeimvr.uff.br, b djmoutinho@fem.unicamp.br, c lgouvea@fem.unicamp.br, d otvrocha@oi.com.br, e pedrogoulart1951@yahoo.com.br, f amaurig@fem.unicamp.br Keywords: Solidification, Microstructure, Numerical model.
The key variable in this calculation is the nodal liquid fraction calculated in the previous step.

Effect of annealing treatment on the isothermal and cyclic oxidation behavior of an electrodeposited alumina-forming Ni-Al microcomposite Yongdong Wanga ,Bairu Lib ,Xing Liuc College of Materials Science and Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150022, China awyd04@ 163.com, b lbr-shmily@163.com, c674766903@QQ.com Key words: Electrodeposited.Isothermal oxidation.
However, in view of current production cost and commercial availability of Al nanoparticles, application of microparticles rather than nanoparticles is of great interest from the point of engineering view.

ECF bleaching of pre-hydrolyzed Larix kraft pulp for production of dissolving pulp Zhi Li1, a, Jun Li1,b and Jun Xu1,c 1State Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China aliwisdom@126.com, bppjunli@scut.edu.cn, cxujun@scut.edu.cn Keywords: ECF Bleaching, Larix, Dissolving Pulp, Reaction property Abstract.
Experimental Raw materials.
The experience from engineering practice shows that the lower degree of polymerization result in good reaction property and the suitable DP value is around 500 [13, 14].

The nesting of two-dimensional irregular shapes is a common problem which is frequently encountered by a number of industries where raw material has to be, as economically as possible, cut from a given stock sheet.
Key features include shapes, text and embedded raster graphics, with many different painting styles.
Rao, Quick and precise clustering of arbitrarily shaped flat patterns based on stringy effect, Computers and Industrial Engineering 33 (3-4) (1997) 485-488
Lo Valvo, "Clustering of arbitrarily shaped flat patterns using simulated annealing and the no fit polygon", in: 1° International Seminar on Progress in Innovative Manufacturing Engineering (PRIME 2001), Sestri Levante 20-22 Giugno 2001, pp. 99-104.

Large number of semiconducting photoelectrode materials have been tested for efficient photon conversion through the different types of PEC solar cell configurations [3–8].
Enormous research has been done on the production of low cost energy conversion of PEC solar cell using suitable thin film semiconductor materials.
Experimental section 2.1 Materials All the chemicals used for the deposition were analytical grade and all the solutions were prepared in double distilled water.
Such increase in absorption and decrease in band gap were also reported in our earlier papers for ternary materials [34–35].
Allard, Fiber Optics Handbook: For Engineers and Scientists, McGraw–Hill Inc., New York, 1990.

Gas Fractal Seepage properties Research in Soft-slicing Coal with Triaxial Pressure System Fukai Zhang 1,a,Longjun Xu 1,b,Fenhua Yue1,c, Xiaoqin Zhang2,d, Yuzhao Feng2,e,Zhili Chen2,f,PengCheng Xie2,g 1 State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University，Chongqing, 400044,China 2 National Engineering & Research Center for Disater Emergency Relief Equipment,Logistical Engineering University,Chongqing,401311,China azhkai_78@163.com,bxulj@cqu.edu.cn,cph0706@126.com,d26866070@qq.com, efengyuzhao99@163.com,fzhilichen@163.com,gxpch@live.cn Keywords: Soft-slicing coal,Seepage process, Fractal characteristics,Triaxial pressure system Abstract.
Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2001,20(S1):1801-1804
Journal of Engineering Geology,1996,4(2):40-46 [15] LU Bo, CHEN Jianping, GE Xiurun, WANG Shuilin.
Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(3):461-467 [16] Hanbo S.
Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(S2):3423-3429(in chinese) [18] Long Qingmimg, ZHAO Xusheng, MUJingshan.

Acknowledgements The research was supported by the Open Fund of Aseismic Engineering Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (contract no.
China Civil Engineering Journal, 1981，14（2）：41-51.
Engineering Mechanics, 2004, 21(2): 157-166.
Engineering Mechanics, 2004, 21(4): 81-85.
Engineering Mechanics，2008，25（4）：128-132.

The key is to properly treat all the factors that may cause cracking.
In order to apply drying shrinkage test results (sizes of test specimen: 10×10×40 cm, relative humidity: 60 %) to actual engineering, various drying shrinkage estimation methods are put forward in the world, such as ECB/FIP method, ACI method, and JCI method, etc.
Any of those methods can be used to estimate the drying shrinkage of concrete structure by multiplying with a series of correction coefficients considering the factors such as environment temperature and humidity, concrete mix proportion, curing method, sizes and reinforcement ratio of the actual engineering structure.
It is a good idea proven in engineering practice to utilize the autogenous volume expansion of concrete to balance out partial harmful shrinkage.
After optimizing of concrete mix proportions, the content of cementitious materials (cement and fly ash) has been saved by 20-40 kg/m3.

Research on the Wear Process of High Speed Cutting Ni-based superalloy Jun.Zhou1, a, Mingpu.Liu1, Hongqi.Sun1 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Jia Mu si University, Jia Mu si,Heilongjiang, China, aZhoujun_fj@163.com Keywords: superalloy, high-speed cutting, tool wear, wear form Abstract.
Introduction Aerospace materials, such as nickel based alloys, as a kind of difficult-to-cut material, show poor machinability owing to their excellent physical property, especially their high-temperature mechanical properties, which include high resistance to oxidation and corrosion and high hardness at elevated temperatures.
For the difficult-to-cut materials, the demand for high-speed machining is increasing in order to achieve high productivity and to save machining cost [1].
The wear mechanisms Generally, cutting tool materials are exposed to high mechanical stresses and thermal disturbances when cuttining nickel-based superalloys resulting in cutting tool wear and short tool life.
[3] Jia Qinglian and Qiao Yanfeng, Research on Wear Mechanism of Coated Hard Alloy Tool, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics of CAS, Tool Engineering, Year 2005, Vol. 39, №11 37-40 [4] R.D.Han.