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The Lambert-Beer law of absorption states that each layer of material of equal thickness will absorb an equal fraction of the radiation, in which traverses it (1) Where I is the intensity of the beam after it has traversed a layer of material of thickness x; I0 is the intensity of the unattenuated X-ray beam; and μ is the linear averaged attenuation coefficient of the element (i,j).
The main specifications of the CT scanner used in this study (SOMATOM-plus of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, CAREERI, CAS, made in Siemens Co., Germany) are described in details.
Results and discussion An X-ray CT image is composed of a CT value proportional to the material density.
The white color indicates high-density material and the black indicates low-density material, which serves as the basic principle to analyze the rock meso-damage by CT images.
Engineering Geology. 56,(2000) 11-17

C5 – operational costs: maintenance, spare parts, material regeneration, energy and other operating costs; C6 – ease of adaptation and modernization: the ability to easily adapt to changing requirements or the ability to upgrade to increase efficiency.
Key Engineering Materialsthis link is disabled 925 (2022) 169–178
Materials Science Forum 1038 (2021) 407–416
Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences (SREES) 29(1) (2020) 108–119
Journal of Hazardous Materials. 165 1–3 (2009) 766–773

Optimizing Photovoltaic Systems: A Decision Matrix Approach for Selecting the Optimal Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique Gosego Kamela1,a*, Oduetse Matsebe2,b and Zeundjua Tjiparuro3,c 1,2,3Department of Mechanical, Energy and Industrial Engineering, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana akg14000328@studentmail.biust.ac.bw, bmatsebeo@biust.ac.bw, ctjiparuroz@biust.ac.bw Keywords: Maximum power point tracking algorithm; Photovoltaic module; Photovoltaic applications; Selection criteria; Requirement analysis.
Nonetheless, studies like [7, 13] emphasize the need for evaluating algorithm performance based on fair and common criteria. 2.1 Identified gap in literature In recent publications, significant progress has been made in understanding MPPT strategies and their key factors.
Materials and Methods 3.1 Requirement analysis A stand-alone photovoltaic system is a solar energy system that operates independently of the electrical grid, and is commonly used in remote areas where grid connection is not feasible or in developing countries where grid infrastructure is not available [24].
Capilla, “Materials for photovoltaics: State of art and recent developments,” Int.
Newton, “6 Key Decision Making Techniques,” 2012, [Online].

Development of Electric Rust Preventive Machining Method - Correspond to Difference of Water in World: Use of Adjusted Synthesized Water- N Nishikawa1, a, Y Sato1, K Kudo1, T Murase1, T Sawa2, H Kato1, N Yoshihara1, H Okawai1, K Karita1, T Iyama1, M Mizuno1 and S Tsukamoto3 1Faculty of engineering, iwate university, 4-3-5 ueda, morioka, iwate, 020-8551, Japan 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, 2-2 Kanda-Nishiki-cho ,Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-8457,Japan 3Faculty of engineering, okayama university, 3-1-1 tsushima-naka, okayama, okayama, 700-8530, Japan ankawa@iwate-u.ac.jp Keywords: electric rust preventive machining method, environmental harmonic machining, grinding, cutting, machining fluid, effluent treatment, water machining, water recycle, water quality, water hardness, reverse osmosis membrane, purification, deionization, scale, synthesized water Abstract.
It is thought that any kind of water can reproduce if material and quantity to add is changed.
In usually, iron material is ionized and leached in water like formula (2).
Yamanaka: Cutting fluid and Grinding fluid (Saiwaishobo Co.Ltd., Japan 1982), p.244-264 [3] TECHNICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Japan Society for the Promotion of Machine Industry: Material Processing Data File Text Vol:15 (Grinding) (TECHNICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Japan Society for the Promotion of Machine Industry, Japan 2002), p.32-33 [4] N.
VI Key Eng.

Chemical composition (wt%) of materials used in this study.
Workshop Spallation Materials Technology, 081001 (2020)
Muroga, Materials research for fusion, Nature Physics, 12(2016), pp.424-434
Wakai, Nondestructive evaluation of neutron irradiation damage on austenitic stainless steels by measurement of magnetic flux density, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering ICONE17, Brussels, ICONE17-175215, (2009) (4 pages)
Vol. 1215 © 2010 Materials Research Society 1215-V05-07, (7 pages)

., El Paso, TX 79968, USA 2Environmental Science and Engineering PhD program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ.
The widespread use of nanoparticles (NPs) in consumer goods could put these materials in the waste stream, potentially to soil and sediments.
Materials and methods 2.1 Soil characteristics Two types of soils collected from Horizon, Texas and close to the Rio Grande river around El Paso, TX (31°51’59.06” N and 106°36’14.32” W) were used in this research.
Key properties of two soils used in the column experiments are shown in Table 1.
Tufenkji, Aggregation and deposition of engineered nanomaterials in aquatic environments: role of physicochemical interactions, Environ.

The pandemic's effects were felt across the supply chain, from raw materials to finished goods, and had a significant impact on production, transportation, and consumer demand.
These disruptions have led to shortages of raw materials and components, as well as delays in shipping and delivery [5].
Delays in the transportation of raw materials affected the production schedules of textile manufacturers, leading to shortages and interruptions in the supply chain.
· Adopt dual sourcing strategies for critical raw materials and components.
IEEE Engineering Management Review, 48(3), 153-166

Electrochemical Performance Ni Doped Spinel LiMn2O4 Cathode for Lithium Ion Batteries Cui YongLi*, Bao WenJing, Yuan Zheng, Zhuang QuanChao*, Sun Zhi School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Mining & technology, Xuzhou 221116, China Keywords: Lithium ion batteries, LiMn2O4 cathode, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, Electrochemical performance Abstract.
Lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) with a three-dimensional crystal structure is one of the most promising cathode materials for high abundance, low toxicity, high energy density and excellent voltage profile characteristics [1-3].
In comparison pure spinel materials, a shift of the XRD peaks of LiNixMn2-xO4 toward high angles is observed.
This means the stability of the structure has been enhanced after 0.5Ni-doped, which will help to improve the material electrochemical performance .
According to valence balance, the maximum x of doping active Ni2+ for LiNixMn2-xO4 electrode material is 0.5, which would raise the charge and discharge capacity of the battery at high voltage.

This property extends the range of rotation speed, in which no material contact occurs between the journal and the sliding surface.
This material seems suitable as a short-lived alternative material to the high-temperature resistant superalloy.
This allowed the reduction of the abrasive friction problems of the applied material combination for the short time of experiments.
However, the materials and its coating are a key element for a long rating life.
A.: Air Bearing Guided High Temperature Flow Control, in Developments in Mechanical Engineering, hrsg. von Janusz T. 

Okafor2,b 1,2Department of Industrial/Production Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria ahcgodwin@yahoo.com, bchrisok@grpjournal.org [Date received: 9 October 2011.
Decisions 4 Production decision maker Action 6 Interaction 5 Forecast 3 Raw materials 2 Performance 1 Figure 1 Time series forecasting and managerial decision making (Adapted from [5]) In this study we applied the multiplicative decomposition model because it has been found to be useful when modeling time series that display increasing or decreasing seasonal variation [19, 20].
The key assumption observed in this model is that seasonality can be separated from other components of the series.
These demand peaks recur following almost a predictable pattern which concurs Busetti and Harvey [24] such that understanding seasonal fluctuations helps plan for sufficient goods and materials on hand to meet varying seasonal demand.
In general, the software developed for the project has a wide range of application in the field of Production Engineering analysis in particular and other similar fields with little modifications.