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Slow pyrolysis heats materials at rates of 5 - 20°C per minute, lasting from minutes to hours, allowing reactions to reach equilibrium and yielding more solid char products.
Materials and Methods 2.1 Feedstock Selection and Availability in Nigeria Nigeria is among the top producers of bananas globally.
The materials were slowly pyrolyzed at an average temperature of 500°C for 2 hours using a laboratory-scale pyrolyser unit.
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 65(2), 25-263
Engineering

Finite Element Analysis of Failure Pressure of X60 Pipeline with Double Defect Wenlong Duan1,a, Zhanhui Wang1,b*, Dongze Li1,c, Mengzhao Long1,d, Xiaojun Li2,e, Zhifang Zhang3,f 1Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, Yulin University, Yulin, 719000, China 2Key Laboratory of Fluid Transmission Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China 3Value-Added Utilization of Carbocoal Derivative Liquid- Shaanxi University Engineering Research Center, Yulin university,Yulin 719000, China adwl12580@163.com,bwangzhanhui@yulinu.edu.cn, clidongze0826@163.com, dlongmengzhao1535@163.com, elixj@zstu.edu.cn, fzhifang889@yulinu.edu.cn Keywords: Failure pressure, Pipeline model, Double defect, Stress distribution, Geometric factors Abstract.
The tangent modulus method was adopted for constructing a bilinear material model, and FEM served for generating an empirical formula to calculate the burst pressure of API 5LX grade defect-free pipelines.
(1) ASME B31G The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) issued the ASME B31G corrosion pipeline failure pressure evaluation standard in 1984, which combined the NG-18 formula.
Establishment of FEM Model for Double Defect Pipeline The pipeline material selected is X60 pipeline steel, with the main performance parameters of Young's modulus (E) of 210GPa, D of 324mm, t of 10mm, L of 2000mm, Poisson's ratio (μ) of 0.3, and yield strength of 543MPa.
Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering. 17 (2), 134-155(2024)

Short-Term Oxidation Behavior, Microstructure Evolution and Compression Behavior of Nickel-Based Superalloy GH4037 in Solid and Semi-Solid States Guanfei Xiao1,a, Jufu Jiang1,b*, Ying Wang2,c, Yingze Liu1,d, Ying Zhang1,e and Minjie Huang1,f 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P.R.
China 2School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P.R.
The progress of industry mainly depends on the improvement of materials on properties, and the development of superalloys is of great significance.
Experimental Procedure (1) Materials The alloy tested in this work is nickel-based superalloy GH4037 (Ni-14.9Cr-5.6W-3.2Mo-2.1Ti-1.9Al-0.2V-0.06C, in weight percent), which was fabricated by a hot rolling process subjected to a solution and aging treatment.
Kang, The effect of raw material fabrication process on microstructural characteristics in reheating process for semi-solid forming, J.

Hydrometallurgy, Electrometallurgy and Materials Characterization.
Hydrometallurgy, Electrometallurgy and Materials Characterization.
Wang (eds), Advances in Metallurgical and Mining Engineering,  Adv.
Wang (eds), Advances in Metallurgical and Mining Engineering,  Adv.
Hydrometallurgy, Electrometallurgy and Materials Characterization.

Wang3,c 1,2Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 3Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Tungnan University, Hsinchu, Taiwan apltso@pme.nthu.edu.tw, bredsky009@gmail.com, cjcwang@mail.tnu.edu.tw Keywords: CMP; Conditioning; Dressing; Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Machining Abstract: The technology of ultrasonic assisted machining has been successfully used in many machining processes recently.
Without this process, the mush thickness of the pad will reduce, and the material removal rate (MRR) of work piece will decrease rapidly and the within-wafer uniformity becomes unstable.
Jeong, “Effects of pad properties on material removal in chemical mechanical polishing”Journal of Materials Processing Technology 187–188 (2007) 73–76
Tso, “Ths CMP by Polishing with GiP Dressed by BODD “, Advanced material Research, Vols. 126-128 pp1013-1018, 2010
[6] Pei-Lum Tso and Yao-Cheng Chang, “ Study on Chemical Mechanical Polishing with Ultrasonic Vibration”, Advanced material Research, Vols. 126-128 pp311-315, 2010.

Rajasekar School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, TamilNadu, India rini.venugopalan@yahoo.co.in, neerajakk@rediffmail.com, r.sarjila@yahoo.com, nrajasekar@vit.ac.in Keywords: Boost Converter; Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT); Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO); Incremental Conductance (IncCond); Hill Climbing (HC); Photovoltaic (PV) module.
The key feature of this method is its ability to track the maximum power accurately with almost zero steady state oscillations which in turn improves the performance of the tracking system.
But, practically there is an effect of resistances in series along the current path through the semiconductor material, metal grid, contacts which are added together and denoted as a series resistor Rs.

Hüttinger1,c 1 Institut für Chemische Technik, Universität Karlsruhe, 76131Karlsruhe, Germany 2 Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China a wgzhang@home.ipe.ac.cn, b ypzhu@home.ipe.ac.cn, cHuettinger@ict.uni-karlsruhe.de Keywords: CVD, CVI, Carbon, Texture.
Introduction Isothermal, isobaric chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process was the most important process for the production of continuous fiber reinforced ceramic composite materials, especially carbon-carbon [1-4].
The first aspect has been confirmed from simulations and modeling studies with capillaries and porous structures, in which a Knudsen diffusion plays a key role when pore entrance diameter drops to several micrometers [19-24,8,10,11].
Acknowledgement This research was performed in the Center of Research SFB 551 "Carbon from the gas phase: elementary reactions, structures, materials".

Materials and Methods.
Rosfarizan: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 594-595 (2014), p. 370-377

Solid particles (bed material and coal ash) were entrained by hot gas into a vertical riser, which is 9 m high, 1.5 m long and 0.8 m wide, with two groups of water jackets along its height regulating the furnace temperature.
Fig.2 shows the schematic of the furnace wall, including the refractory brick and insulating material from the inside to the outside.
Schematic of the furnace wall. 1-Strengthen tendons.2-Temperature probe. 3-Furnace cooling water tube. 4-Pressure tap. 5-Refractory brick. 6-Insulating material. 7-Steel.
The arrangement of the furnace cooling water tube. 1-Furnace wall. 2-Refractory brick. 3-Insulating material.
Luo, et al.: Chemical Engineering and Processing, Vol. 42 (2003), p. 327-335.

Severe soil erosion has resulted in the loss of most topsoil in many locations, thus exposing parent material or soils with low nutrient content [1].
Several measures have been taken including eco-environment rehabilitation by engineering and biological approaches [6].
In the process of nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition, Soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphor, and enzyme activities are the key microbial-biochemical parameters used in soil quality monitoring due to their involvement [7].
Materials and methods 2.1 Study area The study was conducted at the Ansai Research Station of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is located in the Zhifanggou Watershed, Shaanxi Province, NW China (36°46′28″–36°46′42″N, 109°13′03″–109°16′46″E, 1010–1431 m altitude, 8.27km2).
Farming practices led to carbon and nitrogen loss while vegetation restoration can increase their levels from root exudates and litter, which affects the material cycle in the soil and improve soil quality [22].