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This allows a gradual increase in the thickness reduction (TR) which is quantified as seen in Eq.1.
This makes it challenging to optimize the process over a wide range of process parameters. [8], [9] introduce geometrical reductions by symmetrical considerations in their models to increase the cost efficiency.
The use of three rollers in the flowforming experiment (instead of one here) may have a beneficial effect on the reduction of the observed numerical material pile-up
Once they are determined, it is recommended to perform simulations using full 360° configurations in order to analyze local stress-strain data for the prediction of ductile fracture.
Kalpakcioglu, Maximum Reduction in Power Spinning of Tubes, J.

Crystallographic reorientation below a contact surface may be a possible cause for the reduction in the coefficient of friction during sliding wear.
ODF data were analyzed to determine the spread of different texture components as a function of the applied load.
Texture analysis of AISI 304 stainless steel samples after cold rolling processes has shown that the main rolling texture component of the austenitic phase forms even at around 30% cold reduction in thickness and its intensity continuously increased with increasing cold reduction.
Initial rotations after small rolling reduction levels are towards orientation of the type {011}<100>.
After heavier reductions, a strong brass type was apparent [13].

a b c 25µµµµm Figs. 1 and 2 represent the changes in optical microstructure for the Fe-23%Mn alloy with cooling temperature and reduction in thickness, respectively.
Optical microstructures of Fe-23%Mn alloy subjected to cold rolling with (a) 2%, (b) 5% and (c) 15% reduction in thickness, respectively.
Change in ε martensite content with cooling temperature and reduction in thickness for Fe-23%Mn alloy.
TEM images of Fe-23%Mn alloy subjected to cold rolling with (a) 5% and (b) 15% reduction in thickness, respectively.
The hardness data and microstructural examinations reveal that the decay of damping over 57% of deformation-induced ε martensite would be associated with the decreased γ/ε interfaces by the coalescence of ε martensite plates in combination with the introduction of perfect dislocations, which play a role in suppressing the movement of damping sources such as stacking fault boundaries inside ε martensite, ε martensite variant boundaries and γ/ε interfaces.

Data Level Integration.
Data integration involves combining data from several disparate sources, which are stored using various technologies and give a unified view of the data.
Data integration is usually realized by solution ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) what means the creation of a single data source.
Data integration uses a data warehouse as a centralized storage, where the data are concentrated by ETL.
The main objectives of application integration are the removal of inconsistencies of data, removing duplicates application's functionality and it has a complete view of the data.

In this study, we apply a method to reduce orientation data of a microstructure to a small number of texture components by using a partitioning technique of the orientation space [6].Representative reduction of texture data For the identification of main texture components obtained from texture measurements, as, e.g., electron backscatter diffraction, the orientation data is mapped into the Euler space.
In the sequel, the cubic FZ labelled with 3 in Fig. 1(left) is used to decrease the experimentally measured orientation data.
The measured orientation data being present in one box is averaged by taking into account the inhomogeneous metric of the Euler space.
By using this technique, large orientation data sets can be representatively reduced in order to be efficiently usable in simulations [6].
An example of the orientation distribution of the texture data used for this study is shown in Fig. 2.

In this paper, we adopted two-stage feeding strategy: according to the current data and the fermen tation kinetics equation, we added proper amount of medium at prophase in order to further improve cell growth. in fermentation.
The goodness of fit R2 is 0.94038, showed that 94.083% of the data can be explained by this model, cell growth agreed very well with the cell growth curve model.
The goodness of fit R2 is 0.85071, showed that 85.071% of the data can be explained by this model, product synthesis agree well with the product synthesis curve model.
The goodness of fit R2 is 0.95668, showed that 95.668% of the data can be explained by this model, substrate consumption agree very well with the substrate consumption curve model.
In order to verify the accuracy and applicability of the model, we repeated the experiment once time at the same fermentation conditions, and determined the biomass, enzyme activity and residual sugar, then calculated the error between experimental data and calculation data.

Fig. 3a&b presents the EBSD orientation maps and local texture data for Mg-1Ce and Mg-1Gd annealed at 300 °C.
Single orientation scatter data maps and local microtexture data show the texture contribution from the recrystallized and the deformed regions.
Fig. 4 displays the EBSD data obtained for Mg-Ce and Mg-Gd annealed at 450 °C.
The plots presented in Fig. 4d were obtained from an additional larger mapping so as to yield statistically sufficient data.
EBSD maps and local texture data (single orientation data and recalculated (0002) pole figures) for (a) Mg-1Gd and (b) Mg-1Ce, annealed at 300 °C.

In order to detect the damage the matrix G and data column vector x should be selected.
The data vector x (10 x 1) is made by the difference of the acceleration frequency response functions (inertances), 5 elements for chosen frequencies of 290 and 295 Hz, ( )9,7,5,3,1)()( 99 = −= ifhfhx i d ik
(22) where i indicates the five elements, Figure 1, and j the frequency response functions from which the data is obtained.
(30) It is clear that the least squares solution for data without noise, eq. (29), indicates the correct damage location and severity.
However for the noisy data, the results eq. (30), are erroneous and do not provide any information about the damage.

The chemical property of irradiated PI was characterized with XRD where the carbon peak was observed at 2*theta = 25.44, which confirms the reduction of PI material in to a graphene-like substance.
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data for PI and rPI was obtained using a STEO theta-theta diffractometer.
Similarly, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) data for PI and rPI was obtained using a BRUKER Alpha.
PI substrate shows a very high intensity peak at 2θ= 25.44 and after laser irradiation the reduced PI material shows a small low intensity peak at 2 θ =25.44 which indicates the reduction into the graphene like material.
Laser reduction is a low cost and relatively straightforward method to reduce PI and convert a surface layer into a carbonized material having high porosity.

The data was analysed using GRAPHPAD PRISM V5.00 software (the ANOVA test (p < 0.05) [17].
The data collected have been collated into a size distribution curve.
Fig. 2 Protonated / de-protonated of DNBA functionalized AuNPs Fig. 3 Data collected via UV-Vis across the pH range produced by adding HCl (0.1M) and (0.1M) NaOH to the DNBA-AuNPs solution, pH < 7.5 (a), and (b) at pH > 7.5.
Fig. 4 Data collected via UV-Vis across the pH range produced by adding HCl (0.1M) and (0.1M) NaOH to the SA-AuNPs solution, pH < 7.5 (a) and (b) at each pH recorded of SA-AuNPs at pH > 7.5.
All data analyses were evaluated by Wanisa.