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Crystal structure of TiO2 was analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (Cu Ka radiation, λ = 1.5406 Å).
Results and discussion Characterizations Surface area and crystal structure of TiO2 particles have been considered as a key papameter for adsorption and photocatalytic reactions.
The fast adsorption may explain in term of compact structure, whereas ethylene adsorption seems to be slower because of its steric hindrance [7].
Russo: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research Vol. 50 (2011), p. 2536–2543 [4] S.
Tsukamoto: A: Chemistry.

Many synthesis methods have been proposed for controlling the physical and chemical characteristics of Ni(OH)2 by controlling the structure, morphology and particle size.
Recently, β-Ni(OH)2 with a small crystalline size and spherical shape has attracted enormous interest due to their novel physical properties and excellent electrochemical performance, and its synthesis has been the focus of significant interest in materials chemistry [9-17].
Table 1 Samples synthesized from nickel-loaded organic phase of naphthenic acid Samples A B C D E Temperature /[°C] 80 140 200 240 240 Time /[h] 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 The crystal phase structure of sample was investigated using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) (BDX-3300 made by Peking University Instrument Co, China).
Results and discussion Structure analysis Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of the samples synthesized from nickel-loaded naphthenic acid (RCOOH) at different temperature.
Alivisatos, Controlled Synthesis of Hyperbranched Inorganic Nanocrystals with Rich Three-Dimensional Structures, Nano Letts. 5(11) (2005), 2164–2167

Synthesis of hydroxyapatite Microspheres with DDAPS as template Shanshan Wu, Qiuling Yao, Xiaoxuan Lin, Rongfang Liu, Xiufeng Xiao College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory for Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China 597272892@qq.com, 397227881@qq.com, 812847966@qq.com, rfliu@vip.sina.com, xiaoxf@163.com Keyword: Hydroxyapatite; N-Dodecyl-N, N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate; Biomimetic; Microspheres.
Fig. 3b shows the morphology of the sample which was synthesized in the low concentration of DDAPS, HA products exhibits urchin-like structures, and there are no microspheres existing in this sample.
As a result, the mesostructures with lamellar structure are formed, which transformed to spherical shape following a minimum surface free energy rule.
When the supersaturation achieves the crystallization equilibrium, the homogeneous nucleation of HA occurs along the lamellar structure, then the flower-cluster-like microsphere is formed .
Chinese Journal Of Applied Chemistry, J.23(2006) 989-991

Angelesc and Hershey AzelleMillanod School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Mapúa University 1002, Philippines arraquino@mapua.edu.ph, bmtolentino@mapua.edu.ph, cjorenangeles410@gmail.com, dazelle.hershey@yahoo.com.ph Keywords: Polysulfone, organo-montmorillonite, electrospinning process, nanostructured membrane Abstract.
An electrospunnanomembrane is a network of nanofibrous structures obtained by electrospinning.
However, this type of membrane has low mechanical strength which is caused by its loose structure and small interactive binding forces.
Montmorillonite is a hydrophilicnanoclay with a rich intercalation chemistry and a unique two-dimensional nanostructure that makes it a good additive to PSF.
Structure, morphology, thermal stability and carbonization mechanism studies of electrospun PA6/Fe-OMT nanocomposite fibers.

PVDF is a polymer with semi-crystalline structure, it possess four phases known as alpha, beta, gamma and delta.
In this paper, a further discussion of process parameters which directly affect diameter fiber structure, and morphology will be illustrated [4, 5].
[4] Deitzel J.M, Kleinmeyer J, Harris D and Tan N.C.B 2001 The effect of processing variables on the morphology of electrospun nanofibers and textiles Polymer 42 261 [5] Nasir M, Matsumoto H, Danno T, Minagawa M, Irisawa T, Shioya M and Tanioka A 2006 Control of diameter, morphology, and structure of PVDF nanofiber fabricated by electrospray deposition J.
Electrospinning; Polymer Chemistry Series; Mitchell, G.R., Ed.; The Royal Society of Chemistry: London, UK, 2015; ISBN 978-1-84973-556-8
Ser. 987 012011 [10] Zong X, Kim K, Fang D, Ran S, Hsiao B.S and Chu B 2002) Structure and process relationship of electrospun bioabsorbable nanofiber membranes Polymer 43 4403 [11] Theron S.A, Zussman E and Yarin A.L 2004 Experimental investigation of the governing parameters in the electrospinning of polymer solutions Polymer 45 2017 [12] Reneker D.H, Yarin A.L, Fong H and Koombhongse S 2000 Bending instability of electrically charged liquid jets of polymer solutions in electrospinning J.

The crystalline structure of the bamboo powder and the regenerated cellulose-rich materials are analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) model Bruker D8 Advance horizontal X-ray diffractometer equipped with Cu anode, at room temperature.
The peak at 1797 cm-1 was assigned to unsaturated ester structures such as aromatic esters and/or lactones [19] and it was absent in the spectra of the regenerated sample.
The range of possible structures for cellulose is presented elsewhere [25, 26].
Chemical modification of cellulose in “Wood and cellulosic chemistry: second edition, revised and expanded, Ed.
L., Dorn, S., Heinze, T.: Applictions of ionic liquids in carbohydrates chemistry: A window of opportunities.

Bioceramics have been considered for use as synthetic bone graft substitutes for over 30 years [2] with two primary areas of research: 1) optimization of the bioceramic chemistry [3,5], and 2) optimization of the physical pore structure [6,9].
It has been shown that bioceramic chemistry is critical to the quality of repair and typically uses ''bioactive'' materials, which support direct bonding of bone to its surface; this approach greatly enhances performance compared to materials that are bioinert or biocompatible [3,4].
The porous microstructure was developed by controlling carbon, HAp, and Zirconia filaments to yield realistic human, osteon structures.
To confirm the crystal structure and phase, an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, D/MAX-250, Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) was used.
The interfaces of aligned phases showed good bonding structure.

Recovery of nickel and cobalt from dimethyldithiocarbamate precipitation of pyrolusite leaching process Haifeng Su1,a, Boji Li1,2,b, Qing Lu3,c, Yanxuan Wen1,d, Jing Su1,e 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China 2Guangxi Institute of Metallurgy, Guangxi University, Nanning 530023, China 3Guangxi Vocational & Technical Institute of Industry, Nanning 530004, China asuhfeng@gxu.edu.cn, bzanetti0841@163.com, cluq.nn.gx@163.com, dwenyanxuan@vip.163.com, esujing928@126.com Keywords: nickel, cobalt, dimethyldithiocarbamate, oxidative leaching Abstract.
Dimethyldithiocarbamate，this chelate has the property of low charge and relative small dentate distance, the resonant structure of it’s anion are: Because there are two equivalent partial double-bonds in the predominant structure (Ⅲ) for dimethyldithiocarbamate.
One is the carbon-nitrogen bond and the other is the carbon-sulphur bond with negative ion.This resonant structure (Ⅲ) can form bidentate ligand with a lot of metal ion [19].
The strong oxidizing property of nitric acid destroyed the structure of metal dimethyldithiocarbamate, lead to the exposure of it’s core which is hard to be passiviert.
Chen: Inorganic chemistry(Higher education press, 2004 China)

The differences these two modes are final plate-like structure rather than needle-like structure, which mainly because the local bound of aggregation is too intense to form the needle-like structure.
Instead, the quickly accumulate and grow form plate-like structure (Fig. 6A) and eventually form multilayer structures (Fig. 6B).
All these structures are also made by hydroxyapatite.
Three growth modes form three different kinds of structures including uniform layer structure, needle-like structure, and plate-like structure.
Onuma K., Cluster Growth Model for Hydroxyapatite, Chemistry of Materials, 10 (1998) 3346-3351.

Available bone graft materials in market for clinical use Brand Name Morphology Chemistry Ref.
The structure of hydroxyapatite The crystallographic structure of HA was first identified in the 1930’s, with the structure shown to comprise of units of Ca2+, (PO4)3- and OH-[57].
However, the HA synthesize methods can be categorized as solid state and wet chemistry reactions.
Hing, Bone repair in the twenty–first century: biology, chemistry or engineering?
Hing, Bone repair in the twenty-first century: biology, chemistry or engineering?