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A standard d-spacing of ZnO from JCPDS card numbers 36-1451 was used to check the film's purity [25].

All peaks were exactly matched with the standard JCPDS card 77-1888.
The formula for Initial permeability µi is (5) Where Ls is the parallel inductance, N is the number of turns, t is the thickness of toroid, μ0 is the permeability of free space (4π 10-7 m/A), D0 is the outer diameter, and Di is the inner diameter of the toroid, respectively.

In recent years, a number of approaches have been successfully developed for generating highly crystalline AgNWs, such as polyol process[28], hydrothermal or solvothermal method[29], template-directed synthesis[30], ultraviolet irradiation photo reduction[31] and electrochemical methods [32].
The lattice constant calculated from the pattern is 4.087 Å, which is consistent with the standard value of 4.086 Å (JCPDS Card File No. 4-783).

The peak indexing in the ferrite samples was performed using the JCPDS card 08-0234.The average crystallite size in the samples was calculated using the Debye Scherrer`s formula and the full width half maxima (FWHM) values of the diffraction peaks.
At low Ni concentration (high Zn2+ concentration), maximum number of Fe3+ ions are at B-sites and the net magnetization is primarily due to the weak antiferromagnetic coupling between intra sub-lattice Fe3+ ions, which is in the range of 18-21 emu/g in Ni0.2Zn0.8Fe2O4 (Table 2).

Substitution of bioactive glasses with different transition and rare earth metals such as Cerium, Lanthanum, zinc, manganese, iron, magnesium and silver to change their biological and bioactive response has been studied by a number of research groups [8-13].
The JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data Cards was used as a reference. 2.4 Structural analysis of bioactive glass by FTIR absorbance spectrometry The structures of bioglass® samples were measured at room temperature in the frequency range of 4000–400 cm-1onward using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, (Bruker Tensor 27 FTIR, USA).

All of the specimens, as seen, had a pure perovskite structure, and no further second phases could be seen within the resolution of the instrument.[24-25] However, according to Xiang-Ping et al [26], KBT samples hydrothermally treated at 200°C for 48 h with 12 M KOH concentrations showed the existence of impurity phases of Bi4Ti3O12 (JCPDS No. 35-0795) and K2Ti8O17 (JCPDS No. 41-1100).
Figure 8 shows a 3D Fourier card of individual atoms in the unit cell for pure NBT, pure KBT, and the composite, i.e. 0.80NBT-0.20KBT.
This is caused by the K/Bi atoms having a higher atomic number than the other elements in the combination.
Phase transitions are clearly visible on the waveforms with a wave number between 100 ~ 900 cm-1.
The number of potential spontaneous polarization orientations for components around MPB has risen as a result of the coexistence of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases. [64][65] 4. 

The high values of permeability and saturation magnetization enables these materials to be the potential candidates for a number of applications, for example, in transformers, choke coils, noise filters and recording heads.
The number of turns in the coil are limited to Np + Ns = 60.
As a consequence of the inductor, a voltage (Vs) appears at the secondary coil which is equal to where Ns is number of turns in the secondary.
The maximum intensity of the samples match well with the reflections of manganese ferrite reported in the standard JCPDS card no.74-2399, with no extra lines, revealing that the samples are well crystallized in single phase cubic spinel structure during the sintering process as there were no unreacted constituents, no other phases and no crystal deformation presented in the samples.
(4) Where M is the molecular weight and N is the Avogadro number and ‘a’ is lattice constant. 3.5.

The monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic XRD patterns were in correspondence with the JCPDS card numbers 37-1484, 50-1089, and 491642, respectively.
The macroscopic normalized fluorescence emission of the excited state ES of species X (X= D or A) from an aggregate of k nanocrystallites is proportional to, kover NN l l N m ES X X AD X i ES P tP t 2 1 1 )0( )( )(      (6) where NX is the number of ions corresponding to the fixed concentration of species X in an arbitrary nanocrystallite, )(tPESXi are the elements of the solution column vector P(t), and Pl(0) are initial conditions of the elements of P(t) at t=0.
That is, we have microscopic quantum characteristic interaction parameters that do not depend on the number of interacting donor-acceptor pairs or host environment. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.1 1 0 1 2 3 0.1 1 Time (ms) VIS Model Time (ms) NIR Model Normalized intensity a) 1.5% Figure 4.
These mechanism results in a diminished number of excited Yb3+ ions as well as of Yb-Yb dimers excited at the first level.
The reduction on the number of available first level excited Yb-Yb dimers preclude the upconversion transfer  jiAD 1 2 1 0  to take place, this in turn leads to quenching of the VIS emission.

Amongst the vast number of metal oxide semiconductors, i.e.
Recyclable plastic sources such as polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are hydrocarbon materials whose high numbers in municipal solid waste have become an environmental threat [27,28].
The spectral pattern was consistent with the tetragonal rutile SnO2 standard (JCPDS card No: 41-1445) crystallographic structure [45].
The band positioning and peak numbers are greatly influenced by morphological characteristics and the chemical constitution of the as-synthesized nanopowders [46].
This minimizes the number of bonded electrons that can be detached from the oxygen molecules for higher gas response occurrence.

Lattice constant ‘a’ is calculated by using the formula: 1d2 = 43 [ h2+hk+k2a2 ] + l2c2 (3) Volume is calculated by using the formula: VCell = 0.866a2c (4) X-ray density is calculated by using formula: ρ x-ray = ZM / NAVcell (5) Where ‘Z’ is a number of molecules per unit cell, ‘M’ is the molar mass of the compositions, NA represents Avogadro’s number which is 6.02 x 1023 mol-1, and ‘Vcell’ is the cell volume[17].
All peaks are matched with a standard data card (JCPDS# 00-024-1207).
Crystalline size for synthesized composites having different concentrations calculated by using ‘8’ number of peaks’ data, is ranging from 12.357 to 15.375, which is decreasing for x1=0.0, x2= 0.05, x3= 0.10 in descending order and start increasing for x4= 0.15 and x5= 0.20 while the crystal size is minimum for x=0.10, calculated by using Eq. 1.
These wave numbers are the direct results of metal-oxygen stretching vibrations in the hexagonal lattice [12].