Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 448-453

Abstract: The Cornus wisoniana oils derives from the energy tree species, belonging to woody energy plant oils. This experiment studied the catalytic cracking decarboxylation reaction of Cornus wisoniana oil. Through experiments, CaO / KF made by ourselves was proved to be have good catalytic effect. The highest yield of liquid fuel oil products is at 83.0% or more. Because of high acid value, pyrolysis oil can not be directly burned, this study p-toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst to conduct esterification alcohol, lower acid value. Then alcohol esterification was used to reducing acid of cracking bio-fuel products and p-Methylbenzene sulfonic acid as catalyst. After reducing the acid, this kind of fuel is closer than traditional fossil fuels, able to alternative to diesel, and to achieve energy conservation.

Abstract: The chemical composition of palm and rapeseed biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Combustion characteristics of biodiesel were studied by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry and collision theory. Combustion characteristic index C was put forward for describing biodiesel combustion characteristic. The reactive atom combustion mechanism was put forward. Biodiesel combustion process comprised three steps, viz., volatilizing, dissociating and combining. First, biodiesel volatilizes, viz., FAME (liquid) volatilize and became FAME (gas). Second, FAME, O₂ and N₂ molecular were dissociated into C^*, H^*, O^* and N^* reactive atoms. Third, C^*, H^* and N^* reacted, respectively, with O^* to CO₂, CO, H₂O and NO_x, and released energy. The study showed that the biodiesel was mainly composed of FAME: C_14:0-C_24:0, C_16:1-C_22:1, C_18:2 and C_18:3. Biodiesel had a good burnability. Combustion characteristic indexes of palm methyl ester (PME) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME) were 4.97E-05 and 3.65E-05, respectively. The combustion characteristic had relation to chemical composition. The combustion characteristic of biodiesel was better with increasing saturated fatty acid methyl esters and length of carbon-chain, and was poorer with increasing unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters and unsaturated degree. The combustion characteristic of PME was better than that of RME.

Abstract: The primary problem in producing fuel ethanol through microorganism fermentation with lignocellulose is the strain. We constructed a URA3-directed low copy integration-expression plasmid pZMYBX1 and rDNA-directed high copy integration-expression plasmid pZMYX2. Using the lithium acetate transformation method, we co-transformed the linearized plasmid pZMYBX1 (StuI) and pZMYX2 (HpaI) into the S. cerevisiae cells. Ultimately, we obtain three recombinants: HDY-ZMYWBG1, HDY-ZMYWBG2 and HDY-ZMYWBG3. The ethanol yield for HDY-ZMYWBG1 and HDY-ZMYWBG3 are 0.368 g/g and 0.365 g/g, respectively, which are higher than the 0.330 g/g yield for W5. This findings show that the xylose metabolic pathway could be introduced into the S. cerevisiae to produce an alternative strain for the production of biological ethanol from lignocellulose substrate.

Abstract: The hybrid Biomass gasification-Thermoelectric system (BG-TES) is full renewable energy system. Hybrid system was integrated with biomass gasifier and thermoelectric power generation. To illustrate, the rice husk was used to be the alternative fuel in a biomass gasifier and TE generated electric energy for air flow into gasification system. BG-TE system was developed and analyzed in variations of air flow rates in order to show the efficiency of the system. In this study, the different air flow rates were tested of 2.03x10^-3, 2.15x10^-3 and 2.44x10^-3 m³/s with using rice husk 1.2 kg per once operated. The optimum operation condition was considered by comparing between thermal efficiency and air flow rates of BG-TES. The result has been shown that 2.435 x 10^-3 m³/s is optimum flow rate for gasification system. It could be generating maximum producer gas which system was operated about 40 minute. Biomass gasification system had 19.43% of thermal efficiency Whereas the conversion efficiency of the TE power generator was around 2.42%. According to the biomass energy, the rice husk is not only the alternative fuel but it is also abundant in remote area. Therefore, the rice husk is one of the promising fuels that can be used to replace the LPG in the lacking power area. The rice husk at one operation was replaced LPG about 0.2 kg_LPG. In conclusion, BG-TES using rich husk is the alternative system that can be suitable for lacking power area.

Abstract: Films and beads of cellulose regenerated from room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([BmiCl) were prepared. In this work, regenerated cellulose (RC) films and beads were modified with NaIO₄, and then papain was immobilized. The immobilized enzyme activities of RC carriers were determinated by BAEE (N-benzoyl-DL-arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride) method. According to the experiments, 5.0mg/mL of free papain was fixed to obtain the immobilized enzyme with high activity. Moreover, high content of cellulose regenerated from ILs (<saturated content) was benefit to achieve high activity of enzyme after immobilization.

Abstract: Biodiesel is a product from the transesterification of alcohol and vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is a greener alternative to petroleum diesel. In this study was biodiesel produce from waste sunflower cooking oil. The quality of biodiesel which was purified for two steps was evaluated and compared with sample of biodiesel produced in company MEROCO. The transesterification of waste cooking oil was successfully but biodiesel after first purification wasnt carefully washed. We recommend using plenty of water for purification, approximately 30 % of the biodiesel volume. Washing of the biodiesel was found to be necessary for a better quality biodiesel and the effects were associated with the removal of residual by-products like excess alcohol, excess catalysts, soap and glycerine.

Abstract: The classification and fuel properties were stated for the alternative fuels applied on the internal combustion (I.C.) engines. The studies concerning biodiesel as fuel operating on marine engine were presented in this paper. Major obstacles in biodiesel application such as biodiesel compatibility, feedstock, production cost, supply chain and nitrogen oxide emission from engines were investigated based on experimental research and practical applications onboard ship and the feasible strategy were explored.

Abstract: To study the influence of KCl pretreating on the pyrolysis kinetics of sunflower stalk, the pyrolysis of sunflower stalk pretreated by different concentration KCl solutions were performed by nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at five different heating rates. The Ozawa and Kissinger methods were employed to calculate the activation energy and the Šatava method was used to obtain the kinetic mechanism model. The results showed that the pyrolysis process of the sunflower stalk pretreated by 3% and 10% KCl solution can be separated into four stages (water loss, depolymerization and vitrification, thermal decomposition, and carbonization). With the heating rate increasing, the main pyrolysis zone of the TG (thermogravimetric) and DTG curves move to the higher temperature direction, and the maximum pyrolysis rate and its corresponding temperature increase too. Adding a small amount of metal salts is conducive to the formation of volatile, and a certain amount of metal salts can improve the charcoal yield. More KCl additive makes the lower activation energy value, and the obtained activation energy value increases with the heating rate increasing. By means of the Šatava method, the kinetic mechanism model for the pyrolysis of KCl-pretreated sunflower stalk is Zhuralev-Lesakin-Tempelman equation, which is three-dimensional diffusion.

Abstract: Microalgae are an important source for biodiesel, one kind of renewable energy. The turbulence of the algal fluid can be intensified through optimizing the structure parameters of the disturbing devices and the operation conditions in photobioreactor, thereby the algae production increased. Turbulent kinetic energy is the measurement of turbulence intensity. Through control variable method, turbulent kinetic energy is simulated by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Based on the simulation, the slope angle and interval distance of two neighboring disturbing devices whose cross section is a right triangle, the ratio of disturbing device height to the fluid-depth, and the inlet velocity are all optimized, which is effectively enhance the turbulence.

Abstract: This paper presents the study of signal smoothing techniques, in order to select the best for use in a specific type of problem: determination of oxidative stability, by the computational calculation of the induction period. The oxidative stability is one of the major quality parameters of biofuels. According to some established hypotheses and metrics, the results of the study are presented, culminating in the identification of best available techniques related to each metric. This work also contains a case study presenting real use of the smoothing techniques in a signal collected by Ozomat (equipment for determining the oxidative stability).