Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 448-453

Abstract: HHO technology appeared in USA in 1950s but only in last years it became more interesting due to rising of fossil fuels price. In a device called HHO generator, hydrogen and oxygen are produced onboard on vehicle by electrolysis of water solution of NaOH or KOH. This mixture of gases is known as a HHO gas and it is used as an additive to gasoline in conventional internal combustion engines. Construction of a HHO generator is relatively simply process with small money requirements. All measurements were realized with 10% KOH solution because this electrolyte at this concentration is considered as the best available one. KOH solution excels in chemical stability and efficiency of HHO gas production. For comparison, the 10% NaOH solution was prepared because of low price and good availability of NaOH and all measurements were repeated and results were compared.

Abstract: Used tires were subjected to supercritical water and supercritical water with H₂O₂. The distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr) in used tires and the corresponding residues were analyzed. BCR sequential extraction procedure was applied to examine the speciation of heavy metals mentioned above. The results showed that: the contents of Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd increased after supercritical water treatment while that of Cr and Ni decreased significantly. The addition of H₂O₂ was beneficial for the increase of heavy metals concentration and sequestration. The sequestration rate of Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr reached to 90% after the addition of H₂O₂, and that of Ni was much lower as 40%. The main speciation of Cr and other heavy metals were in residual form and oxidate form respectively. The speciation of all heavy metals were transferred from the unstable forms of weak acid soluble and reducible to relatively stable forms of oxidizable and residual.

Abstract: The new processing technology of extraction alumina by sintering coal fly ash with ammonium sulfate was studied. The phase evolutions of the sintered coal fly ash in different temperature schemes were characterized by X-ray diffractometry. The alumina extraction efficiency of sintered coal fly ash obtained from different sintering temperature schemes had also been investigated. The results show that the sintering temperature and holding time markedly influence the phase composition and alumina extraction efficiency of sintered coal fly ash, while the temperature rising time has little influence on it. The optimal temperature scheme for sintering coal fly ash with ammonium sulfate has been eventually confirmed that increasing temperature from ambient temperature to 400 °C for 1 h and heating for 3 h in air and the alumina extraction efficiency from as-sintered coal fly ash can reach 85.6%.

Abstract: The present article describes one new adsorbent, polyaniline modified by 3-oxa-diglycolamide. Polyaniline was synthetized by reversed-phase microemulsion method and 3-oxa-diglycolamide was synthetized by our laboratory. The factors effecting on adsorption were studied. It shows good adsorption performance on Cu²⁺ ion.

Abstract: A promising applied technology on hybrid power system for electric vehicle was proposed in this paper. Considring the actual bus working conditions, a testing system of multi-stage pulse discharge was designed. The separated LiFePO₄ series, lead-acid battery and the paralleled battery pack, constituted by the lithium battery and lead-acid battery with equal capacity, were tested to compare the voltage and power characteristics, as well as temperature rise. The results indicate that the lithium-ion batteries provide momentary high currant at high rate pulse discharge while keeping the lead-acid stay at a higher state of charge and improving its cycle life. During the intermittent, spontaneous capacity redistribution is achieved in the paralleled system, which helps to relieve the potential polarization and avoid the over-discharge of lithium-ion battery. Systematic analysis of the paralleled system demonstrats that it is benefitial to the circuit control, cost, cycle life and safety.

Abstract: A growing consumption of electrical energy is necessary for automotives. The present voltage level of automotive power system has increased to 42V. 42V/14V dual voltage system is a prefer choice based on consideration of economy and technology now. In the dual voltage system, a DC/DC converter is needed between the two DC buses. The synchronous rectifier Buck converter is chosen for building the 14V/30A output prototype. The design and loss analysis of converter are given. The experimental results are also included.

Abstract: Power Spilt Device (PSD) is the key power component of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). It is very important to simulate and analyze the temperature field and stress field of PSD gear train. The thermal-mechanical coupling analysis is difficult, as it involves the interaction between temperature field and stress field. This paper presents the process of the thermal-mechanical coupling simulation in ABAQUS, and tooth surface temperature and contact stress are obtained and analyzed.

Abstract: This paper presents a novel design of the CNG dispenser electronic control system. The hardware design includes the ARM11 core-board and the expansion board, and the software design is based on the embedded Linux system with QT Embedded and SQLite. In addition to the general function as filling natural gas, the system has the GUI designed for touch input, the embedded database, and equipped with a RJ45 cable network interface, WiFi wireless network interface and RS485 interface etc.

Abstract: In order to take the full advantages of battery and ultracapacitor of hybrid energy storage (HES) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and solve the power allocation problems of the two energy storages when the working condition was changing, we propose a grid partition (GP) and adaptive fuzzy neural network (AFNN) control strategy. Firstly, the structure of AFNN wad determined by GP; Secondly, by adopting the back-propagation algorithm and least square method respectively, the front and back parameters of the AFNN were optimized, and the study efficiency of the parameters was raised. Finally, use the fuzzy membership functions and rules which generated automatically by AFNN in the control of HES for HEV. Under the ADVISOR 2002 simulation environment, verify the control strategy on the base of Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) working condition. The results show that the battery and ultracapacitor could give full play to their respective advantages when the GP and AFNN control strategy was adopted, so the efficiency of the vehicle energy storage system could be enhanced and a higher efficiency of the braking energy recovery be obtained.

Abstract: This work presents a simulation model for electric vehicles (EVs) power battery ratio configuration in battery exchanging mode and the calculation results of the minimal battery ratios under different battery state of charge (SOC) lower limits. Applying the normal copula function, the composite probability distribution function of daily mileage, daily charging time length and travelling time length in the battery charging mode is obtained. Based on this, the daily mileage probability distribution in battery exchanging mode is derived. A Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) model with SOC constraints is established to calculate the minimal battery ratio. The EVs battery packs exchange when SOC reaches the lower limit. The travelling data of one certain demonstration running EVs are adopted as an example to test the calculation mode, and the rationality of the mode is verified.