Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 725-726

Abstract: Stiff requirements for power consumption in buildings made it necessary to keep historical buildings of Saint-Petersburg warm. The majority of buildings in the historical center of Saint-Petersburg are historical and cultural monuments under protection.Existing protective regulations do not allow any changes in front facades of buildings rich in architectural decorations. However, courtyard facades, as a rule, can be exposed to exterior changes. This gives grounds for different approaches to heat facades of historical buildings. The article mainly focuses on internal heating of front facades. A construction for heating exterior walls based on extrusion-type polystyrene foam panels has been suggested herein. A required thickness of insulating material has been determined and moisture regime for insulated and non-insulated exterior walls has been analyzed. Recommendations to choose constructions for internal insulation of exterior walls in historical buildings of Saint-Petersburg have been elaborated.

Abstract: Significant percent of population both in Serbia and Montenegro live in single-family houses. Although marked as inefficient by overall impact towards the environment, the type will, according to the expectations for coming period, continue the development. Energy efficiency of new houses is embodied in national regulations; proves on adequate energy performance represent the prerequisite for construction permit obtaining. Achieving energy efficiency in existing single-family residential stock, on the other hand, is more complex and problematic. By reviewing existing legal framework and taking into account the state on field, this paper aims to propose new methodology for energy performance improvement in existing single-family residential sector in two countries. Proposed problem solution is oriented both towards the additional legal actions and deeper understanding of social and economic impacts as barriers to energy efficiency achievement.

Abstract: Energy saving and energy efficiency of the economy announced among the main Russian national priorities. However, the problem of energy saving and energy efficiency is relevant to many countries. The article describes the main directions of state policy in the field of energy efficiency, as well as the possibilities of saving energy at home. Special place is given to educational programs in the field of energy efficiency and energy saving.

Abstract: Toxicity of industrial waters at several stages of treatment in model experiment was esteemed in Allium test. It was shown that ability of water to inhibit growth of onions roots decreased together with decreasing of organic matter content in dependence near to logarithmic. Qualitative difference between organic matter in treated and not treated water was observed. In not treated samples diluted to concentrations about 300–550 mgTOC/L toxic effect was 5 times higher than in not diluted waters at final stages of treatment with close content of organic matter (400-460 mgTOC/L). Toxic effect of treated water was close to that of tap water (used as control sample and for wastewater dilution).

Abstract: The mansion of the Nobel family is one of the most featured world recognized monuments of the city of Saint-Petersburg. The article deals with a reconstruction option of the Nobel’s mansion space aimed at gaining extra area to be used for the purpose of solar power generation. Photovoltaic systems are suggested to be used as an alternative energy resource to ensure in-house demand for heating. Inputs of solar radiation on the surfaces oriented in different directions have been estimated herein. A computation method and estimations for energy production of PV-modules placed under conditions of partial shading cased by the building’s wings have been presented herein as well. An optimal inclination angle of the modules with respect to the horizon, which can ensure maximum energy gains under weather conditions of Saint-Petersburg, has amounted to 35°.

Abstract: In this paper the Energy-plus house project, functioning under the climate conditions of Macedonia, was presented. On the basis of previous studies carried out for a single-family house, the concept of a fully non-volatile home using solar photovoltaic modules for the operation of the electrical equipment was designed according to "Passive house". The estimates of solar resources of the territory, defined energy input of solar radiation on differently oriented surfaces and selected the optimum tilt angle of PV modules to the horizon were presented for this article. It is shown that the solar modules generated enough electricity to meet the needs of the considered house. At the same time in the summer there is surplus electricity. The calculations presented in this paper were based on the methods of thermodynamics, using MKS EN and DIN standards, the program packages PHPP 2007, as well as the algorithm developed for calculating the amount of solar radiation on differently oriented surfaces.

Abstract: The building orientation and the thickness of the thermal isolation of the building envelope are one of the factors affecting the achievement of the Passive House standard. Other important factors are the windows. For the windows the three basic parameters that influence the achievement of the Passive House standard are: the size of the windows in facade elements, the type of the glass and the type of the window frames. Analysis based on variations of all these parameters give a clear picture of the impact of each of these parameters as well as of their combination on the energy needs of the Passive House. The calculations presented in this paper were based on the methods of thermodynamics, using MKS EN and DIN standards, and the program packages PHPP 2007, HEAT2 and NOVOLIT

Abstract: The paper deals with the influence of eight most developed countries (G8) to climate changes, as well as with reflection of those changes to other countries of the world, which have the same right of the planet as a common home. The beginning of 21st century, technological expansion, economic shifting, the struggle for dominance in economic resources, economic turbulences due to lack of an idea on economic prosperity are the factors which put over than 3/5 of the Earth's population in an unenviable position. The influence of „giants“ to climate changes and decisions regarding planet's preservation, puts without an alternative over 6 billion inhabitants in a position of second class citizens which do not have the power required for resistance to the influence of the strong economic lobby of highly developed countries.

Abstract: Calculation of energy performance of buildings is defined by European standards in accordance with the Directive 2010/31/EU (EPBD). One of the main goals of the Directive 2010/31/EU is the decrease of energy consumption in the buildings. Standard EN ISO 13790 prescribes the methodology of calculations of energy performance of buildings. The input data for the calculation and their interpretation are defined by European standards related to EN ISO 13790. Climate parameters are defined based on meteorological data in accordance with EN ISO 15927-4. Numerous analyses have shown that the results of calculations depend not only on the chosen method, but also on defining the climate parameters.

Abstract: Optimal design of an energy efficient building has to meet two confronted demands: to minimize total cost of construction, and to minimize environmental impact and energy consumption, which is usually obtained by the implementation of expensive insulation materials and equipment. Therefore, optimization task cannot be formulated by a single objective function, but requires at least two functions. Consequently, there is no unique, i.e. the best solution, but a number of more or less acceptable ones among which designer chooses a satisfying one considering given demands and limitations. This paper presents methodology for using the Big Bang – Big Crunch algorithm for optimum design of an energy efficient building that would meet two confronted demands – the lowest price and the lowest environmental impact during the 25 years period. Presented study showed that this approach provides several acceptable solutions among which the decision maker can make a choice in accordance with his/her needs and wishes.