Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 793

Paper Title Page

Abstract: This paper presents a robust Fuzzy-PI controller to adjust the pitch angle of a grid integrated wind turbine. The pitch angle mechanism of a turbine blade allows it rotate on its own axis so that it can protect itself from high wind gust and release excessive stress from the mechanical structure. Although a classical PI controller has been widely used for this purpose, they cannot assure generator stability. The proposed Fuzzy-PI control system uses three control inputs and nine membership functions to make decision on pitch angle output. A wind speed model is devised to simulate real life turbulent wind condition. The simulation results show that the Fuzzy-PI controller is more suitable for turbine operation if it is subjected to heavy turbulence.
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Abstract: Electromagnetic generator as respiratory effort energy harvester is designed as a renewable energy source to generate a low power and exploiting human motion to extract energy. By selecting respiratory effort as energy harvester it can be carried out 24 hours as long as the electromagnetic generator is wearing on the human chest. It is because the electromagnetic generator functions when there is a motion of the chest wall. The electromagnetic generator basically constructed with two miniature dc motor generator, pulley, belt, gear and chest belt. The generator operates when there is change in chest wall circumstance during exhalation breathing process. The low power that produces can be apply on low power devices such as sensor or microcontroller. Simulation is done using Matlab Simulink to verify that respiratory effort able to produce the minimum required power to power up low power devices. Result from the simulation showing good outcome with 2.5mW of output power.
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Abstract: This paper describes the TiO2 performance based energy gap related to its annealing process. TiO2 is one of the comprehensive band gap semiconductor materials which has been under extensive investigation in recently. This is due to its application in various fields such as photo electrolysis, photo catalysis, dye sensitized solar cells, gas sensor, optical fibers etc. Furthermore, advent of nanotechnology increases its applications many fold and different types of TiO2 have been used for different types of sensing applications. The TiO2 exists in different crystalline forms such as anatase, rutile and brookite. Solar cells consists of mono-crystalline, thin films, dye sensitized solar cells and multi-junction. TiO2 can be produced by using techniques like sputtering, vacuum evaporation, pulse laser deposition, molecular beam epitaxial, sol-gel and chemical bath deposition. Successful annealing process leads to a high performance solar cells. To fabricate the solar cells, there are four types of ways which are doctor blading, spin coat, sol-gel and screen printing. A comparison of annealing process, nanoscale structure and performance output powers been done successfully. The produced TiO2 also been tested with a high power performance.
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Abstract: Smart home uses a combination of the renewable energy power resources, the use of power generation from solar cells based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) which acts as the only type which produces an efficient solar cell power to obtain the electricity to recharge the standby storage device from the sunlight. The thin film of Titanium dioxide is synthesized by the sol-gel spin coating techniques at 2000 rpm on the glass. The films have a constant thickness of ~240nm. The annealing process consists of 150°C, 250°C and 350°C. The study of the absorbance and the wavelength values are important. At this condition, for the solar cell, the wavelength is around ~280nm to ~330nm. As the temperature of annealing increases the higher absorbance would be produced. The refractive index of TiO2 film is estimated at different annealing temperatures and it increases with the increasing of the annealing temperature. The application is suitable to smart home design. The dynamic output voltage obtained from the solar cells is interfaced with other circuitry such as inverters and interface charging circuit in order to inject the generated power into the standby storage device. The calculated result of this application is efficient to reduce the electrical bill by almost 30% of its original value.
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Abstract: This paper presents the improvement of intrinsic carrier concentrations in the active layer of solar cell structure using Indium Nitride quantum dot as the active layer material. We have analyzed effective density of states in conduction band and valance band of the solar cell numerically using Si, Ge and InN quantum dot in the active layer of the solar cell structure in order to improve the intrinsic carrier concentration within the active layer of the solar cell. Then obtained numerical results were compared. From the comparison results it has been revealed that the application of InN quantum dot in the active layer of the device structure improves the effective density of states both in conduction band and in the valance band. Consiquently the intrinsic carrier concentration has been improved significently by using InN quantum dot in the solart cell structure.
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Abstract: Al-doped ZnO thin films were prepared by ink-jet printing and their electrical and thermal properties with different amounts of Al doping and sintering atmosphere were investigated. The XRD traces of films show the doped materials did not form additional crystalline phases with increasing amounts of Al doping. Electrical conductivity of film increased from 4.86 S/cm to 120.94 S/cm as the amounts of Al doping increased from 0 wt% to 4 wt%. However, the thermal conductivity decreased from 24 W/mK to 13 W/mK with increasing the Al doping from 0 wt% to 4 wt%. The electrical conductivity of film shows higher values sintered in vacuum (120.94 S/cm) compared to film sintered in air (114.1 S/cm).
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Abstract: The heat transfer enhancement of the forced convection due to ionic wind over different surface conditions including a smooth, rough ruface and a source array of rectangular blocks surface (representing electronic components) was studied. Under laminar flow, the highest heat transfer rate of 0.0736 W/m2.K per minute was observed for the source array surface. The average heat transfer coefficient during steady state of ionic cooling on smooth, rough and source array surfaces were observed to be 19.144 W/m2.K, 18.736 W/m2.K and 21.126 W/m2.K respectively. The heat transfer properties of ionic wind are similar to moving air, generating high heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number on source array surface due to recirculation eddies.
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Abstract: Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) consists of TiO2 nanoporous coating which acts as a photo electrode, a sensitizer of dye molecules soaked in the TiO2 film, liquid electrolyte and a counter electrode. This paper focuses on the usage of a sensitizer from the Pitaya fruit. Pitaya or commonly known as dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) was extracted and used as a sensitizer to fabricate the dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The photoelectrochemical performance of Pitaya based solar cell shows an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 237 mV, short circuit current (ISC) of 4.98 mA, fill factor (FF) of 0.51, solar cell efficiency (η) of 0.70 % and has a peak absorbance rate of 2.7 at 550 nm. The photoelectrochemical and UV-Visible light absorbance performance of Pitaya-DSSC shows good potential in future solar cell fabrication.
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Abstract: This paper presents the clustering technique for distributed generation planning considering load models. The study concerns on the effect of different load model prior to the DG installation for single objective implementation in loss minimization scheme. The clustering technique is performed in order to identify the DG placement for DG planning. Results from the study could be beneficial for the energy commission and utility to perform the DG installation as a compensating technique. The proposed technique was tested on 69-Bus Distribution System.
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Abstract: Emission dispatching is conducted to calculate the lowest amount of emission while generating satisfying output to the load demand. The utilities are restricted by emission regulation that limits the emission level to a certain amount. This paper proposes emission dispatch with multiple fuel option (EDMFO) to determine the optimal emission level. The EDMFO allows the operators to select different type of fuel according to the generation level and requirement. The emission dispatch problem is optimized by using Differential Evolution Immunized Ant Colony Optimization (DEIANT) technique. Validation process is conducted by comparing DEIANT with several optimization approaches including ACO and EP. The comparison took places in IEE 57-Bus RTS. Results indicate that DEIANT is superior in terms of calculating the lowest emission level, lower operating cost and the best selection of fuel according to the generation requirement.
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