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Determination of Operating Conditions in the Synthesis of 1,3-Bis(p-Hydroxyphenyl)Urea from Urea and Para-Aminophenol

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Abstract:

Paracetamol is a popular analgesic and antipyretic medication. Paracetamol, on the other hand, is hepatotoxic to the body because it interferes with the peroxidase enzyme by trapping radicals that induce the cyclooxygenase reaction; thus, it should not be administered to children under the age of three or to adults for more than ten days. This necessitates the development of safer and more effective alternatives to paracetamol to address the demand for analgesic and antipyretic medications in children and adults. The substance 1,3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)urea was discovered to have double the potency of paracetamol as an analgesic and antipyretic, and less hepatotoxic effects than paracetamol; hence, it has the potential to decrease domestic demand for paracetamol. The objective of this study was to optimize the synthesis of 1,3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)urea by investigating the effects of temperature and the molar ratio of para-aminophenol to urea on the yield and quality of the product. The synthesis was conducted in two stages: an initial pre-reflux stage lasting 30 minutes, followed by a reflux stage of 60 minutes. Experimental results demonstrated that the optimal synthesis conditions were achieved at a para-aminophenol to urea molar ratio of 2:5, yielding a 66.67% product.

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Periodical:

Advanced Materials Research (Volume 1188)

Pages:

71-78

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-HK1yKG

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Online since:

February 2026

Authors:

Rizkie Husti Ananda*, Mohammad Fahrurrozi, Hari Purnomo

Keywords:

3 Bis(P-Hydroxyphenyl) Urea, Para Aminophenol, Pre Reflux, Synthesis Reaction

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© 2026 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

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