Advanced Materials Research Vols. 550-553

Abstract: Seeds of Camellia oleifera are used for edible oil extraction, but the defatted seeds are always discarded. In this study, saponin was separated from the seeds after oil extraction by hexane and 70% aqueous methanol, purified by macro-reticular resin AB-8 and crystallized with 80% aqueous ethanol. Its structure was identified by MS, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined. Carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats and Croton-oil induced ear inflammation in mice were tested for its anti-inflammatory ability. The results show the saponin has significant anti-inflammatory effects and free radical scavenging activity.

Abstract: The ability of commercial laccase to improve the adsorption of sodium lignosulfonate (SL) without any mediator was studied. When SL are modified by laccase, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) shows an initial decrease followed by an extensive increase in molecular weight (Mw). Furthermore, the decrease in Mw is accompanied by an increase in phenolic hydroxyl groups, while the increase in Mw is accompanied by the decrease in phenolic hydroxyl groups. The laccase modification does not affect the content of the sulfonic group. Furthermore, the electrostatic self-assembly technology indicates that the adsorbed amount and the root-mean-square (RMS) of SL/PDAC multilayers increase obviously with the increase of the incubation time, which might be due to the influence of the Mw and the adsorption configuration.

Abstract: The flavonoids and chlorogenic acid were separated and purified from Eulmoids ulmoids leaves, and their antioxidation activity in vivo and in vitro was investigated by animal test and free radical scavenging test. The result shows that Eucommia ulmoides leaves flavones and chlorogenic acid can significantly reduce the content of malondialchehyche (MDA) (p<0.05), but only Eucommia ulmoides leaves chlorogenic acid can significantly enhance the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p<0.05) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) (p<0.05), which means that Eucommia ulmoides leaves chlorogenic acid has more significant antioxidation activity in vivo; both Eucommia ulmoides Leaves flavones and chlorogenic acid have good capacity on scavenging hydroxyl radical (HO•), superoxide anion radical (O2-•) and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•), and show good doses-response relationship, but Eucommia ulmoides leaves chlorogenic acid shows highest scavenging rate on every radical, which means that Eucommia ulmoides leaves chlorogenic acid has more significant antioxidation activity in vitro.

Abstract: Silicon (Si) can enhance the resistance to rice sheath blight causing by Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani), but ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid involved in disease resistance with Si application on is scarcely known. The susceptible cultivar Ningjing 1 was selected to determine the effects of Si on disease index of rice sheath blight as well as if ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid were involved in disease resistance. The results showed that Si application reduced the disease index of sheath blight by 15.62. For uninoculated plants, Si application alone did not change the concentration of ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid significantly. For inoculated plants, Si application increased the concentration of ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid significantly. It is conclued that the important way of Si mediated resistance in rice against sheath blight is probably through increasing ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid.

Abstract: Cotton stalk is rich and low cost renewable cellulosic resources in Xinjiang autonomous region, but two-thirds of these stalks are not used to their fullest extent. Nowadays, more research has been reported concerning the pretreatment of cotton stalks, saccharification, ethanol production and other aspects. The experiment screened cellulose degrading microbial community, and optimized conditions of saccharification. In oder to degrading lignin and cellulose of cotton straw and improving the efficiency of hydrolysis of cellulose, to decompose diluted acid pretreatment cotton stalk by cellulose degrading microbial community. We studied the microbial fermentation period, fermentation technical parameters, and curves of cellulase activity. We designed single factors , and orthogonal experiment to optimize the fermentation technical parameters. The results showed that the fermentation period was 5-day, single factor experiment, the optimum of fermentation temperature was 32°C (P < 0.01), orignal pH was 4.8 (P < 0.01), inoculation size was 5%(P < 0.01) and nitrogen source was urea(P < 0.01), and orthogonal experiment, the optimized conditions were nitrogen source, (NH₄)₂SO₄, temperature, 42°C, original pH 6.8, inoculation quantity 1.0%. Under optimized conditions, CMC, FPU, b-G, glycosylated ratio and lose weight reached respectively 47.12 U/mL, 24.35 U/mL, 13.05U/mL, 37.21% and 26.38%.

Abstract: The gelatinization and liquefaction properties of roasted millet starch were investigated in this study. Results showed that the particle morphology of roasted millet starch greatly changed as compared with control, and its solubility and swelling degree increased with temperature increment, in which the former increased rapidly above 70°C and was basically stable after 80°C, while the latter was overall lower than the raw millet starch's. The viscosity of millet starch paste increased with decreasing temperature, but that of the roasted starch increased more slowly than that of the raw. There was little effect of pH value on viscosity of roasted millet starch. Compared with the raw, the roasted millet starch would be firstly reached scheduled DE value under the same conditions, which could reduce liquefaction time in the course of production.

Abstract: Water-soluble carboxymethylated lignin (CML) was synthesized using wheat straw alkali lignin (WAL) in aqueous medium. The process of carboxymethylation was optimized with respect to the NaOH concentration, monochloroacetic acid concentration, reaction temperature and time. The optimized product has a yield of 80.47% and a carboxyl group content of 2.8231 mmol•g-1, respectively. The optimum conditions for carboxymethylation are NaOH concentration of 20.0% (wt%), monochloroacetic acid concentration of 37.5% (wt%), temperature of 70 °C and time of 90 min. The optimized CML was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy and interfacial tension apparatus. The result shows that the substitution reaction of carboxymethylation occurs simultaneously in the phenolic hydroxyl group and aliphatic hydroxyl group in WAL. CML has the surface activity in water for industrial application as dispersant.

Abstract: Microorganisms were screened from oil wastewater in Daqing Oilfield, by acclimatization, isolation and purification of microorganisms, bacterium as the only nitrogen source was obtained, which was named for strain Y-1. Experiment of identification showed that Y-1 was identified to Bacillus Cereus. Strain Y-1 was used for paraffin removal on three wells: Well Nos. 12-36, 13-39 and 14-43 in Yushulin Zone Daqing Oilfield. The results indicated that the tested wells obtained good effects after microbial treatment: the reduction rate of oil viscosity was 23.6%, the freezing point of crude oil reduced by 2.1°C, the reduction rate of oil surface tension was 38.0%, pH value was reduced from 7.2 to 6.2, daily oil production increased from 1.7t·d^-1 to 2.4t·d^-1, the rate of growth was 41.2%, the period of hot washings prolonged from 40d to 149d and the number of hot washings reduced by 4 times in Well 12-36; the reduction rate of oil viscosity was 24.8%, the freezing point of crude oil reduced by 2.7°C, the reduction rate of oil surface tension was 42.5%, pH value was reduced from 7.2 to 6.8, daily oil production increased from 1.2t·d^-1 to 1.6t·d^-1, the rate of growth was 33.3%, the period of hot washings prolonged from 45d to 158d and the number of hot washings reduced by 5 times in Well 13-39; the reduction rate of oil viscosity was 22.5%, the freezing point of crude oil reduced by 3.2°C, the reduction rate of oil surface tension was 42.5%, pH value was reduced from 7.2 to 6.4, daily oil production increased from 0.8t·d^-1 to 1.1t·d^-1, the rate of growth was 37.5%, the period of hot washings prolonged from 30d to 122d and the number of hot washings reduced by 5 times in Well 14-43. The direct economic income exceeded 210,000 Yuan.

Abstract: The mechanism of cross-linking of peanut protein isolate (PPI) modified with transglutaminase was investigated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Fourier Transformation Infrared (FT-IR) spectra. SDS-PAGE banding patterns indicated that the contents of arachin and conarachin after transglutaminase (TGase) modification were decreased and high molecular weight polymers were formed. SDS-PAGE banding patterns also suggested that cross-linking effects were accomplished in the presence of transglutaminase and the main component participating in cross-linking was arachin. The representative FT-IR spectra of arachin, conarachin modified with TGase treatment appeared the sharp peak at 1680~1630cm-1 region, which showed that intramolecular cross-linking was occurred, respectively. Compared with FT-IR spectra of arachin, conarachin modified with TGase treatment, the spectra of PPI modified with TGase treatment appeared two characteristic absorption at 1546.29cm-1 and 1330.75cm-1, suggesting that cross-linking was occurred between arachin and conarachin and the ε-(γ-glutamyl) isopeptide bond generated.

Abstract: In this work, the utilization of ultrasonic technology to extract insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) from antler velvet residue was evaluated. The effects of pH of solvent, the ratio of solvent to sample, extraction temperature and extraction time were investigated through a single factor experiment. The influences of preliminary conditions of supercritical CO2 and co-solvent extraction (SFE) on the activity remaining of IGF-1 in antler velvet residue were discussed. The contents of total protein, total acidic polysaccharide and amino acids were determined, respectively. The results indicate that SFE method has slightly influence on the activity remaining of IGF-1 in antler velvet residue, and the activity remaining of IGF-1 in residue reached 93.68 %. In the optimal pretreatment condition (pH10 buffer solution; the ratio of solvent to sample 20/1 (v/w); extraction temperature 0 °C-35 °C; extraction time 4×15 min), the process yielded 8006.05 ng of IGF-1 per gram antler velvet residue. While the contents of total protein and total acidic polysaccharide were 107.31mg/100mL and 800.7µg/100mL, respectively. Moreover, the total amino acid (TAA) content was up to 120.44mg/100mL and 7 kinds of essential amino acid were 30.08% of the TAA.