Advanced Materials Research Vol. 853

Abstract: This article deals with the verification of ecotoxicity of nanomaterials on the basis of selected clay minerals (montmorillonite, kaolinite) and quartz as a reference substance. The ecotoxicity was determined by the inhibition of marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri, with relationship to the particle size and concentration of minerals in water leachate prepared according to Council Decision 2003/33/EC. Statistically significant dependence between inhibition of Vibrio fischeri and the concentration of minerals in water leachate was found for montmorillonite.

Abstract: This paper describes the design and test of a lab-scale vanadium redox flow (VRF) battery considering electrolyte feeding and flow structure. The VRB battery has emerged as the promising technology for energy storage technologies. The VRF battery an electrochemical energy storage device chemically, and physically VRF battery is a sandwich type structure, and it consists of a cell stack, two electrolyte reservoirs, two pumps and an electrolyte flow tube. The cell stack has numerous single cells, and it has two half-cells which consist of an electrode, a carbon felt, a sealant PVC frame, and there is an ion-exchange membrane separating two half-cells. The VRF battery is applied electrolyte feeding and flow technology, and one of energy storage system without memory effect and self-discharge. This paper focuses design of liquid electrolyte feeding and flow mechanism, and considering inverse concept of electrolyte feeding structure for the vanadium flow battery. In addition, in order to get the specific flow rate (SFR) of electrolyte, numerous experiments were carried out, and the parameter and governing equations was obtained.

Abstract: An amphiphilic copolymer, PLMA-POEM, was synthesized with hydrophobic poly (lauryl methacrylate) (PLMA) and hydrophilic poly (oxyethylene methacrylate) (POEM), which is cheap and rubbery state. The copolymers were characterized by using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) and gel permeation spectroscopy (GPC). The copolymers were used as sacrificial agent to fabricate anatase mesoporous TiO₂ films and, by varying amounts of TiO₂ particles, polymer molecular weight (MW), concentration of the copolymers, various mesoporous TiO₂ films were fabricated. With a low MW polymer, the TiO₂ formed a worm-like structure with smaller pores, whereas an aggregated honeycomb-like TiO₂ with bimodal pores was obtained for the high MW system, characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GI-SAXS) and N₂ adsorptiondesorption measurement. With 2μm-thick TiO₂ film, efficiency was 4.2% due to better pore filling of the solid electrolyte and improved light scattering properties. By using a layer-by-layer method, the efficiency was further improved to 5.0% at 7μm thickness.

Abstract: With the wide adoption of relay protection, power grid control and communication equipments in power system based on micro-circuit and micro-processor, the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of measurement-control devices has become an urgent and necessary consideration in substation automation system. In this paper, the electromagnetic environment and electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem in substation is presented, and several typical anti-interference methods regarding measurement-control devices are explored based on the analysis of unique characteristics and work environment of this kind of devices. Furthermore, anti-interference application in actual substation site is demonstrated, with the example of CSI-200 series devices.

Abstract: This paper presents an application of stand-alone Photovoltaic (PV) systems for AC/DC power conversion for electroplating systems. In these control systems, the external source voltage is generated from a PV stand-alone, the proposed voltage injected method by in phase controller into line input voltage secondary of power transformer. The electroplating process is a capacity 0-250A maximum output system with uses a 12-pulse diode rectifier, using a conventional 3-phase bridge 6-pulse diode rectifier. The process voltage control to electroplating, that performance of the proposed series voltage controller method (producing injected voltage), contribute to voltage control by injecting or absorbing active power, to electroplating. The advantage of this principle will result the system that can saving energy 50% and compensation 100 percent during a power outage. The experimental, and simulation results by MATLAB program are used as a guideline for analyzing and designing the parameters of electroplating system.

Abstract: This paper studies the performance of bifacial Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin-layer (HIT) PV modules through a one-year experiment in Singapore. Two 1.2kW_p (front side)/0.84kW_p (rear side) PV systems were installed vertically, facing the N-S and E-W directions respectively. The operational data of two systems were monitored and collected to analyze their performance under different weather conditions. This paper will presentthe change of irradiation, energy yield and the AC energy output of the bifacial PV systems. The results help to understand the impacts of system installation on the energy yield of vertically-installedbifacial HIT PV systems, to find out its advantages in applications over monofacial PV modules and to explore the potential of bifacial PV modules in tropical regions, especially in urban areas like Singapore.

Abstract: In the present study, a commercial finite volume package ANSYS FLUENT 14.5 has been used to determine thermo-hydraulic performance of two different vortex generator (VG) configurations, namely, flow-up and flow-down, located in triangular ducts. A comprehensive literature survey on flow-up and flow-down configurations has shown that there are completely opposite results obtained in terms of performance of the two configurations. In some studies, flow-up configuration showed better performance characteristics over flow-down configuration while in other studies flow-down configuration was found better. This has been motivated the present authors to make a study covering the two VG configurations to find out which one has a better performance over the other one. Therefore flow and thermal fields together with the secondary flow induced by the two VG configurations have been analyzed extensively. The geometry comprised of double row of VGs located on the slant surfaces of equilateral triangular ducts. The angle of inclination of the VGs made with the flow direction is 30°. The results show that flow-down configuration has a 40.65% higher thermo-hydraulic performance over the flow-up configuration for Re=5000. It is also shown that the heat is transferred at a further downstream distance allowing in a reduction in the number of VGs to be used in of flow down case.

Abstract: To control the secondary atmosphere pollution produced by exhaust gas in process of garbage incineration, the paper presented a sort of intelligence fusion control strategy in city garbage incineration. In the paper, aimed at the running properties of garbage incinerator and combined the mechanism of garbage combustion and contamination generation, it studied the characteristic of controlled combustion process, proposed a sort of fusion control strategy based on human simulated intelligence for controlled process, constructed the corresponding control algorithm. Finally it took a two order model of combustion process with large lag as an example that is very nearly similar to controlled process characteristic of garbage incineration, and made the contrast experiment of digital simulation respectively by the Smith optimal controller and the presented fusion control algorithm by means of the platform of MATLAB. The response curve of simulation shows that the fusion control algorithm is better than by Smith optimal controller in control effect of anti-jamming performance and control index obviously. The experiment results show that the proposed fusion control strategy is reasonable, feasible and effective for secondary pollution control, and it is high in control precision, better in dynamical and steady quality, and very strong in robustness.

Abstract: Ten composts produced by composting plants in the Moravosilesian Region (the Czech Republic) were studied from the point of view of their possible utilization for energy production. The parameters relevant for this possible application of low-quality composts were determined: elemental composition (C,H,O,N,S), volatile combustibles, fixed carbon, ash, gross calorific value, moisture, water leachable potassium and chlorine, alkali index, C/N.

Abstract: Humic substances (humic acids and fulvoacids) were studied in compost produced from biologically degradable waste. Pyrolytic gas chromatography with mass spectrometrical detection was used for determination of arenes (toluene, styrene, p-xylene, benzene and ethylbenzene) in the pyrolysate. An influence of composition of biologically degradable waste on humification process in composts can be evaluated from data on amount and ratios of humic acids and fulvoacids.