Advanced Materials Research Vols. 864-867

Abstract: Ballast water (BW) is essential in maintaining the balance and structural integrity of ships during voyage. However, invasive aquatic species discharged through ballast water is one of the most serious problems posed nowadays in the marine environment. Experimental inactivation effect on Heterosigma akashiwo by combined PEF and engine waste heat pretreatment was studied. Effect factors such as pulsed voltage, electrode gap, pulse width and preheating temperature were explored, and its mechanism of inactivate the Heterosigma akashiwo was analyzed. It was prospected to be effective to inactive the mircoalgae of ships ballast water by combined PEF and engine waste heat so as to obtain a cost-effective BW treatment with minimized environmental impacts.

Abstract: As a tool of environmental policy, many countries in a world attach importance to voluntary agreement increasingly. The paper summarized that Voluntary Environment Agreements (VEAs) was put into practice in textile printing and dyeing industry of Jingzhou, put forward a frame of the VEAs and its details which are implemented in the city, investigated and analyzed the concrete measures that were adopted by a part of the textile and dyeing enterprises in performing VEAs, and the preliminary effects in energy-saving and emission-reduction engendered by the measures. The practices indicated that textile and dyeing enterprises adopting VEAs is beneficial to enhance their productivity and management, and to decrease their energy consumption and the amount of sewage. To encourage the enterprises adopting VEAs, the government should support them in relevant policy and financing, solve their capital deficit and the increased cost due to the advanced environment management.

Abstract: As the booming civil aviation industry has seriously polluted air and tremendously jeopardized environment, ICAO has published a specific goal on the reduction of civil aviation emission. Besides, petroleum crisis is more and more severe, consequently alternative energy and emission reduction form a strong impediment for further development of civil aviation industry. In this paper, focusing on how to solve the challenges faced by civil aviation industry, combining with current situation, three mitigating methods are introduced and contrasted. Furthermore, According to the historical data of civil aviation industry development, the feasibility and prospect of three solutions are analyzed with the method of AHP. Finally, considering present aviation techniques and time cost, a dynamic mitigating method to reduce aviation emission is proposed.

Abstract: Based on the previous studies, this experiment presented a new kind of microbial fuel cells (MFC), single-chamber air cathode microbial fuel cells without proton membrane. After investigating the contrast of substrate changes in microbial fuel cells and simple anaerobic digestion, the analysis results of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), TP, TN and NH₃-N show that: SCOD increase firstly, then decrease, to the end, descend. As a result, we find that SCOD in MFC is lower than that in control device (CD). Throughout the whole reaction period, TP in MFC is lower than that in CD. TN and NH₃-N show upward trend after a reaction period.

Abstract: Ghost towns of empty houses, short-lived buildings and plants functional change etc. are big building waste problems in China. To create a low-carbon society, reasonable reconstruction work is necessary. Also as the rapid development of high and new technology, building services is improved continuously. More energy efficient and reliable products are required. In this paper, the analysis on different type of building and services upgrading was carried out. For these upgrading schemes, their merits and disadvantages are discussed.

Abstract: We studyed on the “the binding capacity of EPS and Fe³⁺”,“the promoting effect experiment of EPS-Fe³⁺ to the leaching of Cr, Pb”and the “distribution characteristics of heavy metals in EPS,inside and outside cells”.Proved that large molecular EPS (MT) and Fe³⁺ tend to form a stable complex EPS (MT)-Fe³⁺. Unit mass of macromolecular EPS binding ability to Fe³⁺ is 10.7mg/mgEPS.And with the addition of EPS (MT)-Fe³⁺ complex, Cr, Pb in sludge by bioleaching removal rate increased by 1.48, 1.25 times.The distribution characteristics of heavy metal ions in the cell into three types: type EPS, intracellular type, balance type.

Abstract: The wooden sleeper laid in the railroad is highly contaminated by the preservative such as creosote used in the production process. And the secondary contamination of wooden sleeper happened from the leakage of diesels and lubricant oils. Recently the concrete sleeper has replaced the wooden sleepers. But the wooden sleepers are still used and the huge amount of waste wooden sleeper are discharged every year. Due to the environmental toxicity of contaminants in waste wooden sleeper, the waste wooden sleeper is categorized as the specified waste and its disposal should be carefully conducted. But there is not alternative method except the incineration. In this study, the thermal extraction characteristics of waste wooden sleeper in high temperature were investigated to observe the feasibility of the disposal and reuse of waste wooden sleeper.

Abstract: On the basis of proximate analysis, element analysis and calorific value that carried out on the sewage sludge, thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) was conducted on the research of sewage sludge pyrolysis. The loss of sludge under different heating rates was comparative analyzed. And we calculated the activation energy by using Ozawa method, Satava method was also used to infer the most probable mechanism function and kinetic parameters. the result shows that sludge pyrolysis process can be divided into three parts as 200-450°C,450-600°C and above 600°C, the Reaction mechanism functions for the pre main two parts were G(α)=(1-α)^-1 and G(α)=[-ln(1-α)]^2/3respectively. Its proved that Al₂O_3,MgO probably inhibited the decomposition while Fe₂O_3,CaO,ZnO promoted the degradation of organic matters under 200-450°C. CaO and Fe₂O₃ showed advantage while MgO, Al₂O₃, ZnO turned to be disadvantagble when temperature arised to 450-600°C. At the end of pyrolysis, the advantage effects order on pyrolysis : Al₂O₃> Fe₂O₃>MgO >ZnO>CaO.

Abstract: Pharmaceuticals from municipal solid waste (MSW) in Kaohsiung City were sampled and analyzed in this study. The class and pharmacological nature of the discarded pharmaceuticals collected were statistically analyzed. The composition of pharmaceuticals sampled from MSW were also analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. When categorizing the medications based on their types, the top ten discarded medications were cardiovascular medications, diabetic medications, anti-inflammatory painkillers, and gastrointestinal medications. When the discarded medications were classified differently, the most frequently discarded medications were medications for chronic diseases, non-chronic disease medications, Chinese herbal medications, and other medications. The results suggested that medications for chronic diseases are more likely to be discarded than others. Except Chinese herbal medications, if the other discarded medications were classified pharmacologically, diabetic medications were discarded the most, followed by cardiovascular medications, anti-inflammatory painkillers, gastrointestinal medications, and others. Results from estimating the percentage of discarded medications based on the number of containers containing medications and empty containers showed that chronic disease medications accounted for the highest percentage (64%), followed by others (39%), non-chronic disease medications (32%), and Chinese herbal medications (21%). Even though Chinese herbal medications had the lowest disposal percentage, its potential disposal quantity was the highest. When the investigators estimated based on the pharmacological nature of the collected medication samples, they found that diabetic medications accounted for the highest percentage (80%), followed by cardiovascular medications (44%), gastrointestinal medications (40%), other (32%), and anti-inflammatory painkillers (27%). Quantity of disposal medications was estimated to be 372.17 tons in Kaohsiung City in 2012, majority discarded medications were chronic disease medications (234.03 T/yr, 63%), followed by non-chronic disease medications (78.36 T/yr, 21%). Diabetic medications (146.28 T/yr, 40%) accounted for the highest percentage of discarded medications, followed by cardiovascular medications (89.01 T/yr, 24%) according to their drug ingredients. In contrast to previous questionnaire survey studies showing that cold medicine and anti-inflammatory painkillers accounted for the highest proportion, the present study suggested that chronic disease medications accounted for the highest percentage of discarded medications. An explanation for this discrepancy is that even though the disposal frequency of chronic disease medications was lower than that of cold medicine and anti-inflammatory painkillers, the one-time disposal quantity of chronic disease medications may be greater than that that of cold medicine and anti-inflammatory painkillers.

Abstract: The influence of bulking agents on odor production in sludge composts was investigated. Three mixtures were composted over a 23-day period in aerobic composting tank using the same sludge with different bulking agent mixtures. Parameters monitored over this period included O₂, NH₃, H₂S, as well as VOCs. All mixtures had reached the faeces harmless standard by the bulking amount used. The type of bulking agent had little influence on NH₃(p>0.05) and H₂S(p=0.945) production. However, significant effect on VOCs concentration were found in the mixtures using different bulking agents during aerobic composting (p=0.006). VOCs production in Twc was significantly higher than that of in Tcs and Twc+cs, and no significant difference in Tcs and Twc+cs mixtures (p=0.697). The sawdust and corn stalk using mixed would be the best bulking agent.